Gurányi Krisztián. A kiválasztás héber fogalmai és teológiája

The Hebrew concepts and theology of election in light of Deuteronomy The study offers a text-centred analysis of key Old Testament concepts related to divine election, focusing primarily on the book of Deuteronomy and its reception in the Psalms and prophetic literature. Methodologically it follows the insight that
theology is not derived from isolated lexical meanings but from words functioning within their literary and canonical contexts. The investigation therefore examines the verb bāḥar (“to choose”) in its various syntactic and theological settings and correlates it with the control-lexemes ḥāšaq (“to cling / set one’s
affection on”), ʾāhab (“to love”) and śānēʾ(“to hate”). In Deuteronomy bāḥar emerges as the characteristic verb of covenant language: God’s election of Israel is grounded solely in his prior love and in the promises made to the fathers, not in Israel’s greatness or merit. Election is thus both privilege and vocation. It confers holiness and a distinctive identity, yet simultaneously demands obedience to Torah. The same verb is also used for the choice of kings, priests and cultic places,
sketching a coherent sacred topology and distribution of functions that all belong to God. The Psalms largely interpret election against the horizon of God’s cosmic kingship and his concrete historical interventions (exodus, conquest, Davidic and Zion traditions). Prophetic texts, especially Isaiah, develop the motif of re-election after judgement and open it toward a universal horizon in which Israel’s chosen status serves the gathering and illumination of the nations. The love-verbs ḥāšaq and ʾāhab articulate the affective and covenantal depth of God’s free decision, while śānēʾ expresses not psychological hatred but rejected status and reversed preference, as in the contrast between Jacob and Esau. The article concludes that Old Testament election language portrays a dynamic, historical and relational theology: God’s sovereign and faithful choice sets Israel apart for the sake of the world and continually summons a responsible human response.
Keywords: divine election, Deuteronomy, Old Testament theology, covenant and Torah, Israel and the nations

Péntek Dániel Gábor. Próféták Mezopotámiában

The aim of this paper is to introduce sources related to prophetic activity in Mesopotamia. Prophecy was known outside Israel in the ancient Mediterranean, too, but it did not gain similar significance in other civilizations in the ancient Near East. The phenomenon of prophecy did not appear at all in Egypt, or at
most only very rarely. The prophetic sources written in Akkadian from Mesopotamia and northern Syria date primarily from the reigns of four rulers from two periods that were distant from each other in space and time. The earlier of these two periods was the reign of Yasmah-Addu (c. 1782–1776 BC) and Zimri-Lim (c. 1775–1761 BC) in the city-state of Mari, which immediately followed the destruction of the city by the Babylonian king Hammurapi. The other group of sources dates from the reign of two kings of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Assurah-iddina (681–669 BC) and Assur-ban-apli (668–627 BC). Given the long-time span, we could conclude that prophetism may have been more widespread, but we have no evidence which support this. These two periods are relatively short, and the sources also indicate that other forms of divination played a much more significant role in Mesopotamian society than prophetism. In the Mari texts, there are relatively few references to prophecy compared to the size of the corpus, but based on the relative geographical proximity and parallel religious phenomena, we can legitimately compare them to the image of prophecy in the Old Testament. The significance of the Neo-Assyrian sources for Old Testament studies lies in the fact that they were written at about the same time in the powerful empire of the period, of which Judah was a vassal, when several important Judaean prophets were active. The latter corpus can also be compared to the corpus of Old Testament prophetic texts in terms of the editorial techniques used, since a large part
of the texts of both source groups are found in collections of prophetic oracles. Beyond this, the Mesopotamian sources can also serve as an important contribution to the understanding of the societal role of the Israelite and Judean prophets.

Keywords: Ancient Near Eastern prophecy, Mari, Neo-Assyrian Empire, prophetesses, Mesopotamia

Szabó János Bence. A tömeg szerepe a szinoptikus evangéliumokban

The role of the crowd in the Synoptic Gospels This study examines the role, composition, and theological significance of the “crowd” (ὄχλος – okhlos) within the narrative framework of the Synoptic Gospels. Its central focus is how Matthew, Mark, and Luke portray the multitudes surrounding Jesus and what narrative and theological functions they assign to them. The research provides a detailed linguistic analysis of the Greek terms referring to groups of people (ὄχλος, πλῆθος,
λαός), highlighting their lexical distinctions and theological nuances. It explores the crowd’s geographical and cultural composition, the circumstances of its first appearances in each Gospel, and the diverse reactions of the multitude to Jesus’ teachings, miracles, and person. The study demonstrates that the Synoptic depiction of the crowd is marked by ambivalence: the multitude can serve as an attentive audience, a witness to Jesus’ miraculous works, yet also as an obstacle or a source of misunderstanding. Thus, the crowd functions not merely as a narrative backdrop but as a theologically charged element through which the evangelists present the dynamic interaction between divine revelation and human response.

Keywords: crowd, exegesis, Theological characterization, synoptic gospels, Lexical comparison(ὄχλος – πλῆθος – λαός)

Csevár Nóra. A titkos tudás jog- és vallásrendszere, avagy

The legal and religious system of secret knowledge, or the role of oracles in state administration In the history of religion, and even in world history, it can be
observed that the gods shape and influence the human world in some form. As a manifestation of this influence, in many religions there is one or more  intermediaries, mediators, between the human and divine worlds, who communicate the will of the divine world to people. These persons sometimes have special, supernatural qualities or abilities. They are selected by a specific and regulated procedure or are predestined to rise from among people. They can perform specific activities that can entail various legal effects, usually at a higher level of society or belonging to a completely separate and independent order.
In most major and well-known religions, these special persons are none other than, for example, the apostles or priests in Christianity, the imams in Islam, and in ancient Greece, for example, those chosen at the Panathenaia festival, i.e. the divine initiates (at a festival with a political religious atmosphere) expressed their loyalty to a god by receiving a secret mystery through specific rites and related education in a secret ceremony. In ancient Rome, the various priestly bodies
(for example, the flamens were the high priests of the ancient Roman gods, the pontiflex maximus was the high priest and pontifexes, who were the executors of the sacrificial cult, or the haruspexes, who were fortune tellers). The oracles, i.e. those who were the holders of secret knowledge, were most characteristic of ancient Egypt. Individuals or institutions with secret knowledge controlled and developed the religious practice and life of society, took on a role in advising rulers, established religious offices, followed specific behavioral norms, and exercised their activities in a regulated procedural order (ritual, ceremony, discipline,
regulations). Examining the impact of secret knowledge on the legal system, it can be stated that although no laws have survived from ancient Egypt, it can be concluded from court documents that ancient Egyptian law was based on the interpretation of good and evil, which emphasized oral consensus agreements,
rather than creating various decrees to solve problems. Thus, religious leaders also applied the principle of orality. While this practice cannot be said of religious law (mortuary cult), since both written and pictorial representation were typical there, and religious legal texts played a particularly important role in
the mortuary cult. At the top of the legal system was the pharaoh, who was responsible for promulgating laws, administering justice, and maintaining legal order. The local council of elders, the Kenebet in the New Kingdom, was responsible for administering the territory and handling court cases that dealt with minor
complaints and disputes. The Kenebet was solely responsible to the vizier, who was directly subordinate to the pharaoh. In the case of more serious cases, such as murder, land purchase disputes, and tomb robbery, it fell under the jurisdiction of the Great Kenebet, where the pharaoh presided. In these lawsuits, both plaintiffs and defendants represented themselves and were required to take an oath to tell the truth. In addition to oracles, soothsayers also played a major role
in the legal system at the beginning of the New Kingdom. In this manuscript, I have examined these special institutions, organizations, or individuals,  lighlighting the oracle, who was the defining legal and prophetic figure of ancient Egypt. The special characteristic of oracles was that they mediated both at
the lower and higher levels of communication, since they not only expressed the divine will, but also allowed people to ask questions of the gods.
The lack of this latter feedback also distinguished them from fortune-telling. From now on, I consider it important to separate prophecies from oracles, since prophecies are ex nunc (future) predictions that will necessarily come true, and if they are not followed, they could entail significant sanctions. In this manuscript, I would like to draw conclusions (even by setting up a tentative hypothesis) from the available sources – mainly based on the Book of the Dead – and try to outline who possessed secret knowledge in the New Kingdom, what its role and significance was, what the difference was between prophecy and oracle, and what legal or political role the persons or institutions possessing secret knowledge could have played. Furthermore, what relationship these roles and responsibilities
could have with the persons or organizations that created, directed, or operated the social and state order, and their tasks.

Keywords: law, religion, ancient Egyptian legal system, oracular validity and effect

Barta Zoltán. Az iszlámról más megközelítéseben ellentmondások,

A different perspective on Islam: The world of the Quran, prayers, supplications, rituals and the question of sacred worship in Islam The subject of the study  presents the various attitudes of one of the Abrahamic religions, namely Islam, towards the cult of saints, including its prohibition, tolerance, or even support. It is not an exaggeration to state that so far, historians and religious historians have only addressed this topic to a very limited extent in the Hungarian-speaking area, which provides a grateful field for those willing to undertake it, but it also requires significant challenges and even more responsible work. It has happened more than once that I had to engage in an intellectual debate with a prominent representative of the Islamic faith, also present in our country, because they were so unaware of the issue that they strongly questioned the scientifically proven fact itself, namely the existence of the cult of saints, without even considering the existence of libraryloads of foreign language works. A fundamental prerequisite for delving into the subject is to be aware – if not in detail – of the basic knowledge of the Islamic religion, its formation, the various sects, dogmas, main types of prayers, and the relevant religious rituals, veneration of saints,
and the cultivation of their cult. It is also necessary to understand what holy acts are needed to earn veneration. According to general opinion, the Sufis are those who, as humble servants of Allah, deserve special respect; however, this would be an overly simplistic explanation of the cult of saints. There is much more to it. In general, traditional Islam, at best, does not acknowledge the existence of the practice, whereas in popular Islam, the practice thrives. In some countries, special
offices or even ministerial-level organizations have been established to manage the sites of graves and cultic practices, directing and establishing financial bases for them. The aim of my study is to introduce the practice of the cult of saints more widely through a specific cultic practice conducted at a particular site.

Buza Zsolt. Szabó Béla

Béla Szabó, who served as a pastor in Khust, Bratislava, and Debrecen, remained throughout his life steadfast and unchanging: a faithful servant of God. His
ministry was shaped by the light of Holy Scripture, the unadulterated proclamation of the Gospel, and the reverent administration of the sacraments — all with the singular aim of winning souls for Christ, even amidst times of great personal and historical turmoil, when the waves of adversity threatened to overwhelm him. The Eastern Fellowship Circle, established during the interwar Czechoslovak period; the Organizing Committee, which gained influence during the era of the Tiso-led, Germanaligned Slovak Republic; and later, the Timothy Movement, which grew in strength in post-war Czechoslovakia as the country moved  progressively toward communism — each of these developments was deeply rooted in the devoted ministry of the deaconesses. Collectively, they stand as enduring testimonies to the reality that God is at work even above and beyond the tides of human ideologies and “-isms.” He alone remains sovereign. There is none beside Him.

Keywords: Béla Szabó, Reformed Church in Bratislava, mission-minded spirit, totalitarian regimes.

Tömösközi Ferenc. Hivatás és identitás – A losonci teológiai

Vocation and Identity – The Theological Seminary from Losonc in Light of Pastoral Autobiographies from 1942–1943 The interwar years witnessed a notable consolidation and flourishing of the Reformed Church in Central Europe, a period marked simultaneously by significant challenges and new opportunities. A thorough investigation of these two decades proves indispensable for a deeper understanding of twentieth-century church history. This article explores the role
of the Losonc Theological Seminary in Czechoslovakia, considering its place within both ecclesiastical and educational history, with particular attention to its representation in autobiographical writings of Reformed pastors composed between 1942 and 1943. These sources are of exceptional value, as they were produced at a moment when the imminence of war was already palpable, yet the direct experience of the front remained remote. The autobiographies therefore function not only as individual testimonies but also as indirect witnesses to the historical development of the Church. Operating between 1925 and 1938, the Losonc Seminary represented the sole institution of higher learning for the Hungarian Reformed minority in Czechoslovakia. Its institutional weight is underscored by its decisive influence upon the vocational formation and subsequent careers of an entire pastoral generation, an impact that endured well beyond its closure and into the post-war political transformations. The present study analyses these autobiographies in order to uncover how pastors recollected the seminary and its professors, and to determine the place and interpretive function that these memories assumed within their broader biographical narratives.
Keywords: Reformed church, Czechoslovakia, theological seminary, pastors, autobiography

Somogyi Alfréd. Ján Tomašuľa és Vojtech Ozorovsky egyházfegyelemi ügye

The ecclesiastical disciplinary case of Ján Tomašuľa and Vojtech Ozorovsky, the end of the Organizing Committee era In 1939, as a result of the First Vienna Award, only 28 Reformed congregations remained in Slovakia. With the border changes, most of the congregations returned to Hungary. An Organizing
Committee consisting of Slovak pastors and lay members was temporarily established to coordinate the life of the congregations remaining in Slovakia. At the end of World War II, Czechoslovakia was reestablished, and nearly 300 Hungarian Reformed congregations came under Czechoslovak jurisdiction once again. The Organizing Committee continued to head the church until 1952. The study examines the background of the restoration of the synod system, as well as the means and circumstances of the transfer of power.
Keywords: Reformed, Organizing Committee, Tomašuľa, Ozorovsky,

Karasszon István. Isten haragja

The study tackles the issue of the anger of God as is spoken of in 2Kings 3. The war of Israelite kings against Mesha, king of Moab, is mentioned in the inscription of the Moabite king also, with the exception of the participation of the king of Edom which occurs in the biblical narrative. Since the inscription of Mesha refers to the anger of Chemos, God of Moab, there is a good basis of comparison of the concept of the perception of transcendence. The study concludes that the anger of God in Israel was a communicative tool: the biblical narrative expresses by this way that the behaviour of the people of God was incorrect. In the Moabite inscription it is rather the expression of a historical fact: the foreign yoke meant simply the anger of Chemosh.

Keywords: anger, grace, Israel, Moab, Mesha, Chemosh

Marianna Bátoriné Misák. Some insights into the education of Hungarian pastor’s wives in the 16th-17th centuries

Die Schwierigkeit bei der Recherche zu diesem Thema lag in der Knappheit der Quellen. Selbst diejenigen, die verfügbar waren, lieferten nur sehr wenige
Informationen. Unser Ziel war es, einen Einblick in die Alphabetisierung der Ehefrauen von Geistlichen im 16. und 17. Lange Zeit war die Möglichkeit, sich zu bilden, ein Privileg der Oberschicht. Im Gegensatz dazu ist bekannt, dass viele adlige Frauen und Herren im 16. Jahrhundert nicht schreiben konnten. Bis zum 17. Jahrhundert war dieses Defizit in den meisten Adelsfamilien aufgeholt, und auch das Bürgertum hatte bis dahin erhebliche Anstrengungen unternommen, um
in Sachen Alphabetisierung aufzuholen, was in ihrem Fall auch die Fähigkeit zum Lesen und Schreiben einschloss. Die Töchter der unteren Gesellschaftsschichten bereiteten sich vor allem im Elternhaus, meist an der Seite ihrer Mütter, darauf vor, gute Ehefrauen, Hausfrauen und Mütter zu sein. Aufgrund der spärlichen Quellenlage konnten wir in den meisten Fällen nur den Namen der Frau des Predigers herausfinden. Glücklicherweise konnten wir in den Fällen, in denen wir in der Lage waren, die Abstammung, den sozialen Status und den Beruf der Eltern herauszufinden, auch feststellen, ob die Auserwählte eine Jungfer oder eine Witwe war. Die Herkunft, der soziale Status und der Beruf der Eltern lieferten einige Anhaltspunkte für unsere Diskussion über das
Thema. In mehreren Fällen lieferten die Quellen eindeutige Informationen über die Ausbildung der Ehefrau, während wir uns in anderen Fällen nur auf Rückschlüsse verlassen konnten. In den Fällen, in denen uns Informationen zu unserem Thema fehlten, können wir jedoch sagen, dass es sich mit wenigen
Ausnahmen um gebildete Frauen handelte, wenn auch nicht um gebildete. Dies gilt umso mehr, als im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert bei der Wahl eines  protestantischen Pfarrers nicht die Bildung seiner künftigen Frau im Vordergrund stand, sondern Weisheit, Lebenserfahrung, Frömmigkeit und die Tugenden einer Hausfrau, Mutter und guten Ehefrau. Und wenn all dies durch andere Kenntnisse ergänzt wurde, war das nicht nur für den Ehemann, sondern auch für die Kinder und ihre Umgebung ein Mehrwert.
Konzepte: Frauenerziehung, Ehe, Bildung, 16. bis 17. Jahrhundert, Protestantismus

Rezi Elek. A család funkciói napjaink változó társadalmában

The aim of the study is to present and evaluate the functions of the family in today’s changing society. Among the functions, I will discuss the following: reproductive, protective (legal), moral, education (socialization), religious, emotional, economic, elderly care functions. I would like to highlight that the role of the religious function is to make family members aware that we belong to God and that it is our duty to live worthy of God’s will. I am convinced that the institution of the family is still very necessary in our changing society, despite the frequent attacks on the family in our days. My conclusion is our Christian duty to protect, nurture, and enrich our contemporary family life.
Keywords: family, society, global, postmodern, family functions, family protection, pastoral care, church, Christian values, God’s will, practicing love

Geréb Zsolt. Kolozsvári lelkészek egyetem-járása a porosz főváros teológiai fakultásán a 20. század első évtizedeiben

This study examines the intellectual and ecclesiastical significance of the early twentieth-century peregrinations of Reformed theologians from Cluj Napoca (Kolozsvár) to the Faculty of Theology at the University of Berlin. Drawing on contemporary reports, autobiographical accounts, and theological writings, the article reconstructs the formative influence of Berlin’s theological, philosophical, and social environment on figures such as György Bartók Jr., László Ravasz, Géza Nagy, Sándor Tavaszy, Lajos Gönczy, and Benedek Kovács. Their encounters with the liberal theology of Adolf von Harnack, the homiletical and missional emphases of Eduard von der Goltz and others, as well as the practical orientation of Berlin’s seminar culture, sharpened their critical reflections on the limitations of purely theoretical theological training in Transylvania. In addition, their observations on the social mission of the Protestant church—particularly in relation to urban poverty, diaconal service, and the tensions between secularization and ecclesial identity—proved decisive for later reforms in Hungarian Reformed theological education. By situating these intellectual exchanges within the broader currents of German idealism, historicist theology, and the challenges of modernity, the study demonstrates how the peregrinatio academica in Berlin reshaped both the pedagogical structures and the ecclesial consciousness of the Cluj Napoca (Kolozsvár) Faculty of Reformed Theology.

Keywords: peregrinatio academica, Berlin University, Reformed theology, Cluj Napoca (Kolozsvár), liberal theology, theological education, Adolf von Harnack, practical theology, secularization, diaconal mission.

Pető Bálint. Kivégzések a dualizmus kori Felvidéken, a sajtó tükrében

Executions in the Dualism-era Upper Hungary, in the light of the press The history of Hungarian criminalistics – including the death penalty – in the dualist era is not easy to explore with scientific rigour and purpose, because the primary sources of justice (trial transcripts, interrogation records, official reports on the
execution of sentences, etc.) were almost entirely destroyed by the flames during the Second World War and the 1956 Revolution and War of Independence. Research on the subject is not a hopeless task, however, as the contemporary press, which was increasingly focused on tabloid news at the time, especially
from the second half of the 1870s onwards, was keen to report on highly newsworthy crimes, including highly detailed reports from courtrooms and even executions, in most cases with great enthusiasm. Based primarily on the daily and weekly newspapers of the period, and of course with due criticism of the sources, this paper will attempt to describe two murders from the last third of the 19th century, the perpetrators of which paid with their lives for their actions in the Upper Hungary.
Keywords: dualism, criminology, death penalty, press, execution

Birkás Antal. Mai egyházfinanszírozási modellek és gyakorlatok Európa néhány országában

The issue of church funding is a delicate one in many cases, but we find relatively good and very concrete solutions in Europe. It is worth knowing them, reviewing them, and they can be useful for clergy and lay people, as well as theology students, who are involved in political science and theology.
The key to funding is transparency and predictability – for churches, the state and society. These values are worth keeping in mind.

Key words: Relation of state and church; financing churches

Somogyi Alfréd. A felvidéki lelkészutánpótlás helyzete a reformátusok számarányának alakulásában, 2009-től napjainkig

Abstract: The study is based on census data on Hungarian Reformed Christians in Upper Hungary. It draws partly on state census data and partly on the church’s own data. On this basis, it determines the number of Reformed pastors needed to meet demand. According to church data, there is already a shortage of pastors in the Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia, which cannot be compensated for by state-recognized theological training. However, the gradual decline in the
number of Hungarian Reformed Christians does not mean that fewer pastors are needed. The decline in population is not yet so significant that it would lead to the mass depopulation of congregations and parishes.

Keywords: Reformed, population, church membership, pastoral training

Péntek Dániel Gábor, recenzió

Szatmári Emília: Egy református igehirdetés stilisztikai elemzése. Enyedy Andor püspök prédikációja a Tiszáninneni Református Egyházkerület rendkívüli közgyűlésén Miskolcon, 1951. október 15-én

A stylistic analysis of a Reformed sermon. Bishop Andor Enyedy’s sermon at the extraordinary assembly of the Cistibiscan Reformed Church District in Miskolc on 15 October 1951
The text of my stylistic analysis is a short sermon by Andor Enyedy, the late bishop of the Cistibiscan Reformed Church District. In the summer of 1951 the state announced the communist program of shrinking the church, which included the plan to close the Sárospatak Reformed Theological Academy. The extraordinary assembly was on 15 October 1951, the church district refused this political will and expressed insistence on its institution – accepting the consequences. The assembly began with this short preaching of the bishop. I analyze the sermon, a church speech, as a non-literary text, according to the theories of István Szatmári and Gábor Tolcsvai Nagy. The impact of preaching is definable to the listener primarily in terms of the transmission or non-transmissions of the message, but at the same time a system of norms has crystallized in connection with preaching. Because of its content – proclaiming the word of God – we associate certain aesthetic-stylistic categories with it. We can say that the stylistic devices are related to the content, and the stylistic features of preaching can be interpreted in theological-dogmatic contexts.
Keywords: sermon, preaching, bishop, stylistics, Andor Enyedy

Gorbai Gabriella: A keresztyén értékek hiteles közvetítésének problematikája a vallástanári hivatásban

The problem of authentic transmission of Christian values in the profession of religious education. The role of the religion teacher in transmitting values is crucial, as religious education is not merely about imparting knowledge but also encompasses the moral, spiritual, and ethical development of students. The transmission of Christian values and ensuring that young people are able to embody these values in their own lives largely depends on the religion teacher’s ability to authentically convey these values through personal example. The most effective
tool for value transmission is the religion teacher’s own personality and behavior. This study emphasizes the dangers arising from misinterpretations or „excessive realizations” of religious virtues— such as humility, love, patience, service, wisdom, and perseverance — and provides guidance for achieving a balance between the core values and their exaggerated (behavioral or attitudinal) expressions. The „core qualities” model offers religion teachers a framework for self-reflection, helping them regularly evaluate the example they set, their influence on others, and how they can grow toward authentically conveying the value system that forms the foundation of their mission.
Keywords: values, Christian values, teacher role model, authentic communication, value distortion, balance

Szabó Zsolt: Demokrácia az egyházban és a társadalomban

Democracy in the Church and in society Democracy has an important role to play in the Protestant church organisation. The free association of congregations has led to a
democratic constitution. In actual church practice, however, democratic principles are not as much in evidence as the canonical framework ensures. Social practice preceded the church. This paper examines the links, similarities and differences between ecclesiastical and social democracy. It is based on the thesis that there are no two kinds of democracy: ecclesiastical and social democracy can only be considered democracy if they are based on the same principles of practice.
Keywords: democracy, church, society, constitution

Fritz Beke Éva: A komáromi református templom története

Thanks to the captain of Komárom Castle and a large part of the garrison, the Reformation spread relatively quickly in the city. When
Gál Huszár, the preacher, arrived in the town in the mid-16th century, he found people receptive to the teachings of Calvin. The rapid spread of Protestantism caught the eye of the clergy, and the era of Counter-Reformation began. The adherents of the new religion suffered many atrocities, which lasted until 1781, when the Emperor Joseph II issued the Edict of Toleration. Then the Protestants were given permission to build a stone church. The Komárom Reformed Church, as we know it today, is in reality the third or possibly the fourth church of the congregation, although there are no concrete records of the latter. There are written records of the wooden church built after the earthquake of 1763 and of the prayer house, also built of wood in 1781. The stone church’ we know today was built in 1788, originally with a wooden tower. When the condition of the plank tower began to deteriorate, it was decided to build a stone tower, which was a great hardship for the congregation, as the college built in 1796 had exhausted the financial reserves of the congregation. The tower was built from 1816 to 1833. After a brief history of the congregation, the churches are discussed, with particular reference to the history of the present church.
Keywords: reformation, protestantism, counter-reformation, wooden church, stone church, tower

Petheő Attila: Viharos lelkészválasztás Csallóközaranyoson

Problematic pastor election in Csallóközaranyos
My thesis covers a period of more than two years when the reformed community in Csallóközaranyos had to choose a spiritual leader, but the opportunity was beyond them. The election of a pastor became a battle of personal issues, steeped in class warfare, which left its mark on the community of Aranyos for decades to come. The main motives for the conflict were the antagonism between the social classes, which had previously lived peacefully side by side, and the rise of communist ideology. The paper is a non-exhaustive account of this process, which was marked by personal animosities.
Keywords: Csallóközaranyos, pastoral election, conflict, communist ideology, anticlericalism

Flogny Károly: A fogyatékkal élő ember egy posztmodern társadalomban és annak etikai vonatkozásai

The disabled person in a postmodern society and its ethical implications
The study focuses on presenting the situation of a postmodern country, which is an economically significant source of reformist thought, in relation to persons with disabilities. On the other hand, through this description of the situation, it identifies some potential crises in the lives of people with disabilities and their families that can be applied as ethical principles in the process of pastoral care. The author points out, among other things, that in an economically significant country, which is considered a resource for Reformed thought, where even the material conditions are given alongside the spiritual heritage, the inclusion of disabled people in society is not taking place. As the author believes that this correlation with the postmodern tendency can also be found in Hungary, he adds some Hungarian realities to prepare the ground for a more effective and personalised pastoral care.
Keywords: people with disabilities, attitudes of postmodern society, employment, inclusion, segregation, crisis management

Ifj. Bándy György: Christovão Ferreira – egy jezsuita viszontagságai Japánban a XVII. században

Christovão Ferreira – the misadventures of a Jesuit in Japan in the 17th century
The name of the Jesuit monk Cristóvão Ferreira is associated with the most famous apostasy of the 17th century in Japan. The aim of this study is to present the reasons for his apostasy through his lifeline. His act also influences the ban on religious freedom in current Japan. The study also deals with Ferreira’s activity even after his apostasy – both as an investigator of European philosophy and other sciences and as a participant in the trials and martyrdom of some Christian missionaries.
Keywords: Ferreira, Japan, Jesuit, Apostasy, Christianity

Kusztos Tibor

RECENZIÓ:

Németh Géza szolgálata misszió kereten kívül.

Kókai-Nagy Viktor: Az újszövetségi kánon autoritása

What does the term canon mean and how did it evolve? Why were these texts included in the New Testament? What should we as pastors do with the Deuterocanonical books in our ministry? Should we engage with these texts?In my short study, I have explored these questions with the active contribution of colleagues from the Pastoral Training Course.
Keywords: new testament canon, deuterocanonical books, the development and significance of the canon

Csonthó Aranka: Valláspszichológiai párhuzamok a halál jellegének kutatásában a keresztyénségben és a keleti világvallásokban (hinduizmus, buddhizmus)

Abstract: My study examines death as a phenomenon from the point of view of psychology of religious, as death affects everyone and is closely related to everyday life, the perception of life and the meaning of life. The purpose of my work is pointing on how certain religions give an adequate or acceptable answer to the question of death, in our case the Christianity and Eastern world religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism. From the point of view of psychology of religious, I would like to point out the character of death and dying in these religions, looking for parallels between them. After exploring the specifics and manifestations of general psychology of religious, the research provides a brief insight into the approach to death in the three mentioned religions, and then tries to compare differences and looking for parallels. It shows how preparation for death is taking place in ones lives, followed by funeral, and how death is processed and accepted during the period of mourning, highlighting some characteristics.

Key words: death, religions, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism.

Nagy Krisztina: „A szekta, az új vallási mozgalom és a vallásközi párbeszéd kérdései református perspektívából”

„The sect, the new religious movement and the issues of interreligious dialogue from a Reformed perspective” aims to provide a brief summary of the background of the appearance of the Hare Krishna movement in Hungary, as well as its initial evaluation, especially by some Reformed thinkers. After the bloody period of the first half of the 20th century, the former leading role of Christianity in Europe was shaken, it reached a crisis in the field of satisfying the spiritual needs of the people, and was pushed back. Its place was taken by other religions, religious trends, and new religious movements, which typically do not reflect the
currents of thought of the „old continent”. One of these is the Hindu religion, which in Hungary can be known and understood mainly through the teachings of the Hare Krishna movement. The movement appeared in the 1970s, but it was only after the regime change that it was allowed to act and preach its doctrines. With its foreignness and different way of thinking, it soon earned itself the adjectives „sect” and „destructive sect” containing negative judgments, as its opponents saw that the movement had a harmful effect on young Hungarians, broke up families and was dangerous to society. The movement was able to act effectively against these negative indicators, so they were able to continue their missionary activities undisturbed from the mid-1990s. Today, they have become part of everyday life, with their street performances, events and festivals, and their bases that are also tourist attractions. The movement is open to other
religions as well, and shows dedication and social sensitivity to those living in socially disadvantaged situations. The widespread social debate surrounding the appearance of the Hare Krishna movement in Hungary, and its contradictory results, points out that it is worthwhile to approach and communicate with
the movement along the lines of interreligious dialogue, getting to know each other and accepting each other.
Keywords: postmodernism, sect and new religious movement, destructive sect, interreligious dialogue

R. Szabó István: Egzisztenciális kérdések és dilemmák a Heidelbergi Káté első kérdés-felelete mentén

Abstract: Existential questions and dilemmas along the first question-response of the Heidelberg Catechism To the Reformed believer the Heidelberg Catechism eloquently and boldly summarizes the basics and the essence of our faith. The very first question and answer deeply contrasts the present day mindset.
It talks about comfort and the necessity to have it, though today’s mankind does not want to hear about these negative forces and about sin. Actually, comfort is strongly related to the existential foundational problems we need to face. This Q&A addresses the where do I belong issue, too. This generation, though, does like to be self-centered. On the other hand we benefit of our Lord’s sacrificial ransom, but, although we like to talk about value and money, but it is pretty challenging to address the issue of needing to be saved. The Heidelberg Catechism forces us back to the sin and salvation dichotomy on one hand, and the sphere of grace on the other hand, in which our life gets its meaning. This helps us to only live for Him.
Keywords: existential psychology, comfort, belonging to, grace, dedicated life

Buza Zsolt: Mikó Jenő: „Az elszemélytelenedés tüneteinek kóros hatását sokféleképpen észleljük…”

Jenő Mikó: „The pathological effect of the symptoms of impersonation of the symptomatic effects of the symptoms of alteration”.
Jenő Mikó, the pastor of the Slovak Reformed Christian Church and then bishop between 1988 and 1996, tried to serve our church in the light of the gospel during the great changes. It took a huge responsibility, a family and churches base that provided the background, as well as a powerful and repeated start to create a living and professing community after the ossified system where the established customs were obvious. The world opened up, the vision expanded, the service multiplied, more hands and fewer complainers were needed. In such a situation, the Catechetical Seminaries in Kassa and Komárom were established, later in 1994 the Calvin János Theological Academy, the constitution of our Church was renewed, foreign relations expanded and we had to stand firm under the weight of trials, yet the most noble goal was the strengthening of the congregations. The work continued as it was possible and with whom it was possible. This short study is the imprint of this, which is a summary of a life that had to learn to always speak and act in accordance with the reformist principle „semper reformanda”.
Keywords: Jenő Mikó, Reformed Christian Church of Slovakia, Reformed Parish of Bratislava, Reformed Parish of Vágfarkasd, mission.

Szénási Lilla: Gamifikáció, mint az alfa generáció motiválásának egyik lehetséges formája a hitoktatásban

Gamification as a possible way of motivating the alpha generation in faith education This paper deals with gamification as a possible form of motivating
the Generation Alpha in religious education. To do so, it briefly describes the characteristics of the Generation Alpha and then examines the mechanisms of motivation. The paper briefly describes the characteristics of gamification in education and then examines how it can be applied in religious education. To illustrate this, it presents gamified assessment as one possible method. Gamification offers a toolkit for engaging, motivating and assessing religious education students in a way that is familiar and playful to the Generation Alpha.
Keywords: generation, Generation Alpha, gamification, gamification, evaluation, religious education

Rákos Loránt: Az istenes költészet biblikus merítése és társadalmi küldetése

The biblical immersion and social mission of divine poetry
Poetry is the art form that captures the most sophisticated resonances of humanity’s emotional landscape. Not only does poetry transcends the communication of feelings and thoughts in philosophical ways, but it also lets the world know through artistic manifestations that human is a masterpiece created independently of themself, capable of seizing fleeting divine moments to create a pathway to their God. The most noble pursuit within this art is the divine poetry.
Keywords: divine poetry, lyrics, jeremiads, sin, repentance

Albert András: A vallásszabadság és a vallási tolerancia János Zsigmond fejedelemségében (1559-1571)

Religious freedom and religious tolerance in the principality of János Zsigmond („John Sigismund”) (1559-1571)
The freedom of religion and religious tolerance proclaimed in the16th-century Transylvania was unique in the 16th-century Europe. It was no longer a state religion, the princely power was above that of the church, but it had no right to differentiate between them. The territorial principle announced in the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, „cuius regio eius religio” did not prevail in Transylvania. Several denominations lived together in cities and villages. The landlord of the area had no say in the religious affiliation of his serfs. Everyone decided on their own religion and its practice. Prince János Zsigmond, together with the Transylvanian orders, accepted the principle of free thought and free preaching, unlike in Western European countries, they did not exterminate freedom of religion and conscience with fire and iron, but instead discussed the various tenets and religious differences in religious debates. With the proclamation of the religious peace of Torda in 1568, Transylvanian prince János Zsigmond and the Transylvanian orders favored peace and tolerance against the religious intolerance of the Reformation in Saxony and Switzerland the emerging denominations over the religious intolerance of the Reformation in Saxony and Switzerland.
Keywords: religious freedom, religious tolerance, Edict of Torda, recepta religio, religious disputes.

Gurányi Krisztián: Az eleve elrendelés a jánosi iratokban

The primary question that is asked in this work is how the doctrine of predestination appears in the Johannine epistles. For the purpose of this paper, I do not include the dogmatical expressions of systematic theology, but rather work with exegetical-biblical theological methods, to achieve a better overview of the Scripture by letting it speak alone. I examine two aspects of the predestination within the Johannine epistles, the first is the work of God, and the second is the
human responsibility. In the first section, I focus on the importance of rebirth and on those verses in which Jesus said that those who come to him are given to him by the Father. In the second section, I focus on the human responsibility, which we can read mainly in the first epistle of John. In this book, he encourages the believers to remain in faith, and gives the signs of what it means to walk in the light, distinguishing the children of darkness from the children of light. The
consequences are that although God is sovereign and the complete author of our salvation in the vertical, on the horizontal level, humans have to remain in faith.
Keywords: Sovereignty, responsibility, rebirth, predestination, Johannine epistles

Papp György: Khiasztikus szerkezetek a 90. zsoltárban

Psalm 90 is one of those biblical poetic texts that holds many surprises for the exegete from a literary, linguistic and translation point of view. In the Reformed context, it has become almost the hymn of Hungarian Reformed people. In Transylvania, the first section of the psalm paraphrase of Szenczi is sung as a closing hymn in many congregations, while the second section has become an almost permanent feature of funeral liturgies. In my paper, I will discuss some of the peculiarities of this psalm in the context of the chiasmus in the psalm text. The examination of the poetic stylistic means and the semantic field opens up new interpretative possibilities for the reader of the biblical text, which clearly enrich our exegetical approaches.
Keywords: Khiastic, khiastic structures, Psalms, bibliacal poetic

Kozma Norbert: Az áldozat elfogadásának – el nem fogadásának kérdése

Abstract: Cain and Abel offer sacrifices to the Lord, but the Lord did not look with favour on Cain’s sacrifice. The questions are not new: why did this happen; what does Gen 4 tell us about this incident; can we find a logical explanation. In this study we will explore these questions and try to answer them by focusing on the text of Scripture. Our conclusion will be that the reason for the rejection of the offering cannot be explained, but the goal is still outlined: even during trials
and failures, the possibility of choosing God and returning to God is always open to human beings.
Keywords: Cain and Abel, God’s freedom, man’s choice, repentance

Móricz Árpád: Aki ételt-italt adott, Annak neve legyen áldott! A dionysia és a páskavacsora viszonya Jézus úrvacsorájához

The paper discusses the relationship between the ancient feast and the Old Testament Passover meal, and compares them to the sacrament of Jesus’ last supper. Similarities and differences are sought. Two “ feasts” from quite different backgrounds are examined. One is pagan, polytheistic, syncretistic, with inherent permeations – while the other is of the religion of the people of the Old Testament, which is of course monotheistic, exclusive, and considered by many to be essentially the predecessor of Christianity, which served also as its basis. In this connection Jesus himself says: “Do not think that I have come to abolish the law or the prophets. I have not come to abolish, but rather to fulfill.” (Mt 5,17) We will examine, as a question, whether there is a prefiguration in the two “holy” meals
mentioned above. Could Jesus have been familiar with them, and could he have built parallels or allusions to them in his words, actions and omissions, either intentionally or unintentionally?
Keywords: dionysia, symposion, deipnon, passover, communion, bread, wine, blood, body, sacrifice

Barta Zoltán: Szentkultusz Pakisztánban, Pandzsáb iszlám szentélyei

It is a well-known fact that there are three main factions in Islam: the Sunnis, the Shiites and the Harijites, but throughout its history, smaller groups have splintered off from each of these three denominations and created their own entities. The study focuses on the cult of the sacred found in Islam and Christianity. In this article, an emphasis is placed on particular and highly unusual religious phenomena in Pakistan, which, despite following a Sunni branch of Islam, is a leading country of practicing of the cult and worship of the sacred people, Muslim saints. It is a country where the two main branches of Islam have lived in relative peace so far. Nonetheless the emergence of Islamic extremism has led to an increasing number of bloody attacks mentioned in the world press. The study places the issue of saint worship into the context of the history of Islam in Pakistan and briefly examines the coexistence of the two main branches of Islam in the country in relation to the worship of the Muslim saints.
Keywords: Pakistan, Islam, holy cult, Punjab, Sunni

Szabó Előd: A trianoni békeszerződés hatása a Dunántúli Református Egyházkerületre. Aktuális etikai kérdések történelmi távlatból

The Treaty of Trianon (1920) completely changed and disrupted the lives of Hungarians. Millions of Hungarian-speaking people were forced to live in newly created countries such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia that oppressed German, Hungarian, Ruthenian and Jewish minorities. The focus is now on Hungarian minority. Owing to the Treaty, national borders were artificially created. Therefore, this unexpected event which changed millions of Hungarians life overnight, can be presented from several angles. On the one hand, from the point of view of the Hungarians who remained outside the borders, and on the other hand, from the point of view of the inhabitants of the remaining newly formed country with different ethnic leadership, that still remained to them, the so-called motherland where their ancestors lived for centuries. We can look at what this unjust and brutal event meant for our church from a very particular aspect, that is, in the light of the official documents of the Transdanubian Reformed Church District. The historical data reveals the shock, anger, search for a solution, hope of the ousted
Hungarian Reformed minority in a ‘ foreign’ country.
Keywords: Trianon, Transdanubian Reformed Church District, church organisation, repentance, search for a solution, hope, peacetreaty

Csonthó Aranka: A csehországi hospice szolgálat története és kialakulása, különösebb tekintettel a Csehtestvér Egyház Diakóniájára

Accompanying a dying person is still considered as a taboo in societies. To say farewell to one’s beloved family members and frirens has been lost as a practice which traditional societies use to practice, the parting from earthly life usually takes place in the cold desolation of a hospital which is rather inhumane. It is important to recognize the importance of being able to accompany the dying person in a human and accepting environment. Physical needs must be taken
care of at the same time – as pain relief, alleviation of suffering, and also the spiritual needs. Death brings up to surface feelings and questions that are important to discuss and express to the dying person. It is a great privilege for the leaving one consciously saying goodbye to the earthly life and to wind his life up. The hospice service emerging from one’s Christian commitment, may provide help to leave your earthly existence in peace, saying goodbye to life.
Keywords: Hospice, accompaniment, care, dying, diaconia

Lévai Attila: Molnár János életrajz – egyéni felhangokkal
The lecture addressed the topic about the life of János Molnár and especially about his nature and spirituality. The presenter, a close colleague of János Molnár and later his successor as dean, spoke in a very subjective tone about his predecessor, who was considered by his former students as almost a second father.
Keywords: János Molnár, Theology, Calvin J. Theological Academy, Selye János University Faculty of Reformed Theology, Reformed

Géresi Róbert: Molnár János az emberarcú teológus
Róbert Géresi, bishop of the Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia, reminisces about János Molnár, who taught him at the theology faculty in Prague. This lecture is a subjective recollection of his own memoir.
Keyworld: János Molnár, theology, Comenius Faculty Prague, a historian of religion, Reformed

Erdélyi Pál: Jó-e a világ vagy rossz?
The author explores the question, based on Scripture, of the basis for the Christian view that the world is evil and wicked. The most important message of the Old Testament is that the heavens and the earth are the creation of a loving God, that is, they are God’s good works and that God created all things for good. However, the Old Testament also speaks of the created world coming under judgement and God creating a new heaven and a new earth. That is, the world created for good is corrupted because of man’s sin. The New Testament also supports the idea of the beginning and end of the world. In the text under scrutinyi, however, the world no longer means the universe, but rather man, or more precisely the human world. This, according to the New Testament, is not good, but rather “wickedness” (1. John 5:19). The world is therefore nothing other than the sinful entity of humankind, rebellious against God. However, the Scriptures are not about the world, but about the works of God. And so the world is the object of God’s love (John 3,16), and Jesus Christ is the Saviour of the world.
Keywords: world, goodness, creation, sin, redemption, cosmos, aion

Karasszon István: Az 51. zsoltár

The author pays tribute to the memory of János Molnár by analysing and interpreting Psalm 51. The reason for opting for this psalm is that, as Martin Luther wrote, it is the most beautiful and surest of all promises because by faith God accepts our sufferings as a sacrifice: sacrificia acceptissima Deo. The author presents the János Molnár’ life in the light of the 51 psalms. Keywords: psalm, David, repentance, accepted sacrifice, grace

Bándy György: Mítoszok és genealógiák
In this study, the author examines 6 New Testament passages where myths and genealogies are mentioned. He then points out the difference between myth and (animal) fable. He briefly describes the Pastoral Epistles and the second letter of Peter and examines how myths and genealogies are characterised in the New Testament passages indicated. Finally, it describes how myths and genealogies are characterized by various scholars and presents its own position on the issue.
Keywords: myth, genealogy, pastoral letters, Second Epistle of Peter, Christian gnosis

Kovács Attila: A sí’ita politikai képi propaganda nyugati inspirációi

Western inspirations for Shi’ita political image propaganda Since the end of the Cold War, the Muslim world has become the “enemy image” for the West. Since 9.11, the idea of the “war against terrorism” is in practice the fight of Western culture and religion against Islam. Depsite of the fact that in the Christian world more and more people are turning away from God, westerners continue to believe in the existence of evil and quickly identify it with terrorism, terrorism with Islam. This study illustrates the relationship between radical – Shi’ite – Islamist and Western – religious, political and commercial – visuality through the visual propaganda tools of Islamic extremists. The study points out that Shi’ite visual political propaganda has adopted many symbols and visual elements from global and Western (Judeo-Christian, leftist and civil rights, commercial, etc.) visual culture, but that in most cases they have been transformed, reinterpreted, given completely new content and in many cases “Islamized”, so to speak.
Keywords: Islam, Shia, propaganda, fundamentalist, fight against terrorism

Czinke Zsolt: Szenci Csene Péter a Második Helvét Hitvallás első magyar nyelvű fordítója

Péter Csene of Szenczi, a native of the Highlands during the century of Reformation and a contemporary of the psalm translator, Albert Molnár of Szenczi. In addition to his pastoral ministry, he was a church leader and renowned theologian at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. The author of this study pays tribute to János Molnár, who was also the Reformed minister of Szenc, by unveiling the life and work of the forgotten Péter Csene Szenczi.
Keywords: Peter Szenczi Csene, creed, symbol, II. Helvetic Confession, Reformation

Kónya Péter: Szlovák református gyülekezetek a Tiszáninneni esperességekben
Abstract: An interesting feature of the spread of the Helvetic movement in Upper Hungary during the Reformation century is that the Calvinist movement was massively adopted not by the Hungarian, but rather by the Slovak population. Thus, one of the results of the Reformation was the establishment of a few dozen Slovak Reformed congregations in the Tisza inland dioceses, especially in the dioceses of Ungi, Zempléni, Abaúji and, briefly, Sárosi. The largest number of Slovak Reformed congregations was in the diocese of Ungi, in Zemplén and Ung counties. A part of them survived the Counter-Reformation period and formed into an accepted Reformed congregation after the Edict of the Tolerance. This study presents a short history of these Slovakian Reformed congregations.
Keywords: reformation, diocese of Abaúj, diocese of Abaúj, diocese of Zemplén, diocese of Ungi, diocese of Ungi, diocese of Zemplén, Slovak congregations, Upper-Hungary, helvetic direction

Somogyi Alfréd: A magyar-szlovák lakosságcsere hatása a felvidéki református egyházra

After World War II, in Czechoslovakia, the Hungarian minority in the new Slavic state was deprived of all its legal rights. The Beneš decrees branded the Hungarians as war criminals and the political leadership of the newly formed Czechoslovakia tried to get rid of the Hungarian minority by a forced deportation of its own citizens. In the first wave, Hungarians were deported to the Czech Republic. In the second wave, they were simply forced to re-settle across the border
to Hungary which neighboured the newly formed northern Slavic state. This forced the Hungarian government in Budapest to negotiate a population exchange with the extremely pan-slavic nationalistic state. This meant that as many Hungarians from Czechoslovakia would have been ‘re-settled’ in Hungary as many
Slovaks residing in Hungary were to apply to change country and move to Czechoslovakia. This study describes the impact of the forced exchange of citizens on the Reformed Church.

Keywords: population exchange of citizens, Reformed church, Beneš decrees, collective guilt, Czechoslovakia, Hungarian minority, Czechslovakian nationalism

Flórián László: Molnár János: „Ami a két folyó közt volt” című könyvéről

János Molnár wrote the story of his years spent in Iraq and his personal memories as well as experiences. The book was published only after his death. This book was presented and appreciated by László Flórián, a colleague and co-worker of János Molnár in Iraq. His review of the book is published in the journal.
Keywords: Iraq, guest worker, Middle East, Mesopotamia, Reformed

Csémy László: Csémy Lajos életére emlékeznek vissza fiai
The son of Lajos Csémy, professor of theology, recalls his father, his family, his childhood and the decades he spent in Prague.
Keywords: Lajos Csémy, Prague theology, Reformed Church, Comenius Faculty

Lévai Attila: Cseh-magyar történeti kapcsolatok református szemszögből

In this study, the author deals with the history of research on CzechHungarian historical relations, based partly on the topics and partly on the works published on the main theme. The ministry of Hungarian preachers in Bohemia, the person of Antal János Valesius, the influence of Hussitism in Hungary, the work of Comenius are all points of connection that form a common set of cultural histories between the two nations. In addition, the paper also touches on the work of Reformed theologians who studied in Prague after the Second World War and who, as students in Prague, also wrote several papers and works on this topic, as did Professor Lajos Csemy himself, who was remembered with veneration at this conference.
Keywords: Czech-Hungarian cultural relations, Prague theology, Antal János Valesius, Comenius, Reformed Church

Csoma László: Magyar református teológusok a II. világháború után Prágában

After World War II., Hungarian Reformed theologians in Slovakia studied in Prague because they had no other choice to pursue such studies elsewhere within the country. Several generations of pastors of the Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia studied in the Czech capital. In his lecture, the author, a former theologian from Prague, reviews the necessity and circumstances of the training of theologians in Prague and takes stock of its advantages and disadvantages.
Keywords: Comenius Faculty, Prague theology, Hungarian Reformed theologian, pastoral training

Peter Morée: Studenti a učitelé Reformované církve na Slovensku na Komenského evangelické bohoslovecké fakultě, 1950-1992

In his study, the Czech author examines how and why did Hungarian Reformed theologians – students and teachers – end up at the Evangelical Faculty of Theology in Prague? He gives an overview of the functioning of the faculties of theology in Czechoslovakia during the communist period, which the communist state completely isolated from higher education. The paper gives a unique perspective on how the totalitarian regime viewed the Reformed Church. He draws a picture of the Reformed Church on the basis of state reports from the 1950s, and concludes that the Czechoslovak communist state was satisfied with the conditions in the Reformed Church, which is why Reformed people were allowed to study at the Prague theology faculty and why Hungarian Reformed teachers were allowed to come to Prague. The study also describes how, how and why the state interfered in the functioning of the Prague theology until the change of regime in 1989.
Keywords: Comenius Faculty, Prague theology, Hungarian Reformed theologian, pastoral training

Jan Štefan: Jak vidím kalvinisty?

The Czech Evangelical author discusses how he sees the Hungarian Reformed? He lists seven characteristics, according to his typology, of a Calvinist: 1. biblical theologian; 2. ecumenical theologian; 3. theologian of inculturation; 4. democratic theologian; 5. scholar; 6. man living in the present; 7. authentic man.
Keywords: Reformed, Calvinist, evangelical, theologian

Géresi Róbert: Búcsú Csémy Lajostól

Farewell to Lajos Csémy The author, Róbert Géresi, is a bishop of the Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia. This is the episcopal eulogy for the death of Professor Lajos Csémy.
Keywords: Lajos Csémy, theology, Comenius Faculty Prague, Reformed

Haász Sándor: Családi rendszerszemlélet 21. századi kihívásai a szociális munkában

System – based family care is central significance to practice – oriented social work. It focuses on the ever – changing client system, which is symptomatic and balancing. Changing equilibrium states help adaptation, in which all previously regulated circumstances become predictable. Families adjust their behavioral and value orientation. The process is typically specific and most often hidden. The 21st century challenges of social work include recognizing symptom formation while helpers are confronted with their own system. The lecture examines the collision and resistance points that appear at the intersection of live systems (client and assistance systems) and emphasizes the processes that ensure and consolidate self-reflective aids.
Keywords: system view, social work, resistance, nesting, vision

Szénási Lilla: Mit tanítottak az egyház életéről a Szlovákiai Református Keresztyén Egyházban a rendszerváltást követően használt hittankönyvek?

The work of the Church in the world is seen and experienced through the proclamation of the Word, teaching and charity. This is why it is important how the picture of the life of the Church is conveyed to the child in the faith books. This presentation will briefly describe the faith books used in the Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia after the change of regime and then focus on how they reflect the teaching about the church and its ministry: what and/or how they teach about the church, worship, mission and diakonia.
Keywords: catechetics, catechetical teatching, reformed textbooks, Reformed Christian Church of Slovakia

Kis Jolán: Salamon, a trónörökös

In the 1950s Gerhard von Rad wrote about David’s succession to the throne. In this story the Israeli historiography appears in a perfectly mature form. From this statement, it could be concluded, that regarding the history of David’s succession to the throne not much is left to be discovered. Nonetheless, it could be claimed by researchers that this part of the Old Testament still faces many uncertainties. To this day, there is no definitive answer as to whether Solomon’s enthronement was legitimate or not. In the search for an answer, we hope to find convincing arguments, that David’s oath to inherit the throne was a forward-looking, and a responsible decision of faith.
Keywords: Old Testament, succession to the throne, oath

Csík György: Krisztus-alapú diakónia.

Diaconia is still important and of great significance in our time. However, today’s diaconal ministry can be understood in different ways. It remains based on love of neighbour. The author asks critically about the diaconal ministry of our time, whether it is really a Christ-based ministry, and if not, whether it needs to be
corrected, reinterpreted, rebuilt on its old solid foundations, so that this ministry arising from love can keep its real, true form in the future. In the light of this, he will examine the anthropological, Christological, pneumatological, ecclesiological, eschatological and missiological significance of diaconal ministry. It examines the anthropology of the diaconate in the relationship between man and man (based on Genesis 1:27: God created and made man in his own image). The question arises whether in this relationship between man and man is the divine image manifested, moreover, is the healthy connection between body, spirit and soul preserved in their relationship? In diaconal Christology we discover the Christ who gives himself to man in the events of everyday life. We discover the greatest evidence of this in the Gospels, in the ministry of Jesus, especially in his healings. Diaconal pneumatology explores the power and work of the Holy Spirit in the human body. The body, which is in a certain form the temple of the Holy Spirit, is restored to the fullness of creation in the presence of Jesus Christ. It is a power that leads man to conversion, sanctification and healing. It is an important moment in diaconal ecclesiology to examine the way in which Jesus, in his earthly life, led man, through his own actions, towards the kingdom of God. It reveals to us that the church thus formed becomes a community of believers through the person who performs the diaconate and accepts the ministry. Thus the „visible” and the „invisible” church – through the doing of ministry – struggles with the world, while – „triumphing” over the secular. Diaconal eschatology is the story of the „last things”. The earthly existence is so burdened. Burdens, tensions and sins make us to wait for the experience of the second coming of Christ as soon as possible – they make the man to wait for „someone” who can help him to overcome all these earthly torments. But this is still to come. Man lives in doubt – whether he will go to hell or to the right hand of God. However, we know from the Bible (Revelation 21:3-4) that where God Himself is present, there is no more death or mourning, no more wailing or pain. So there is no need for „diakonia”, because God makes up for any deficiency. It is therefore obvious to us that the ministry of charity must remain an indispensable part of our life on earth.
Keywords: Church, diaconia, diaconal Christology, diaconal pneumatology, diaconal ecclesiology, diaconal eschatology

Haris Szilárd: Joó Sándor és Makkai Sándor vitája a diakóniáról

This study presents and analyses a special theological debate between Sándor Joó and Sándor Makkai. The subject of the debate was the systematic theological foundation and interpretation of diakonia which took place approximately eighty years ago. It attempts to understand their intentions and arguments and make them subject to critical scrutiny. Sándor Joó, under the Dutch influence of historical Calvinism, considers the diakonia to be the vital function of the church and links its origin to the priestly office of Christ. Sándor Makkai tries to point out the weak points of Joó’s claims with dogmatic reasoning. Re-examining the theological debate of our great predecessors, the study offers an opportunity to reflect on the theological motivations for performing diakonia in the light of recent research. The complexity of the whole issue indicates that the diakonia of the church cannot be separated from the other services and the image of the church behind them.
Keywords: diakonia, the threefold office of Christ, office, the functions of the church, Calvinism, home mission

Szénási Lilla: Az önismeret helye a szociális gondoskodásban.

For those working in the helping professions, it is of paramount importance that their self-image is in line with how they are perceived by their environment, in this case their clients. After all, the personality of the social worker is the first, fundamental and most important tool of his or her profession. It is an integrating element of the different ways, forms and approaches to working with clients, all of which emphasise the importance of personality, both professionally and as a person. Therefore, the social worker must first and foremost be a person with a mature identity, who is aware of his or her own personal worth, who is respected and valued by others, and who is able to create a vision of a personal approach to life. Continuous selfawareness must therefore be ensured. This paper therefore seeks to explore issues of self-awareness, self-awareness models, professional self-awareness and personal maintenance.
Keywords: social care, self-awareness, self-awareness models, professional self-awareness, personal maintenance

Albert András: A vallásszabadság és a vallási tolerancia kérdése a 16-17. századi nyugat-európai államokban

emergence of the Reformation different changes occurred in the life of the Roman Catholic Church. The Lutheran and Calvinist churches created by religious innovations and reforms fought for their recognition. Through the peace of religion and edicts that ended the wars of religion, the issue of religious freedom and religious tolerance and the guarantee of them by law became increasingly important in the western European states. In the Western European states of the
16th and 17th centuries, religious freedom and religious tolerance were achieved only in principle. In practice, religious freedom and religious tolerance did not exist in the Holy Roman Empire, in England, in France, in Spain and in the Netherlands. In these states religious freedom and religious tolerance could only be expressed on the level of cynicism. In the second half of the 17th century, political thinkers, philosophers and jurists discussed the natural rights of man. More and more people advocated religious tolerance and religious freedom. The idea of religious tolerance penetrated their work. Among them there were the outstanding Samuel Pufendorf a lawyer, and John Locke a political thinker.
Keywords: religious freedom, religious tolerance, reformation, church, Principality of Transylvania

Somogyi Alfréd: Református oktatás három évszázada Losoncon.

The study summarizes the history of the educational institutions of the Reformed Church of Losonc (Lučenec), especially the gymnasium, in the 17th-19th centuries. It describes the school’s most significant and influential leaders in each century and the changes in the school’s regulations, the role of the parish that ran the school in the maintenance and supervision of the educational institution. It describes the reorganisations and the importance of the school in the
Reformed school system of the period under study.
Keywords: reformed, school, gymnasium, lyceum, Losonc (Lučenec)

Buza Zsolt: Miért éppen Vaján?

The consecration of the renovated church is a big event for a congregation. It has a symbolic and telling message. Especially if the renovation is not necessary through no fault of your own, but rather as a result of the first great world conflagration. The study raises the questions why the bishop of that time connect the soul-lifting and heart-clearing church occasion with the ecclesiastical assembly of the established church body, which was struggling with many problems and burdens, the Synod Why was it necessary to build an enthusiastic team. Secondly it also aked Why the congregations had to see and experience the fact of ministerial ordination. Perhaps it was so that the grassroots church may demonstrate its strength and power, or to set an example, state your position, give testimony of approval. Further questions also arise whether it necessary to precisely regulate everything and was it really necessary to discuss everything, or to listen to the Slovak-speaking brothers of Zemplén? These set of questions leave a lots of rooms for seeking answers. As a consequence, many unanswered questions strained each other in the fall of 1922, and meanwhile the unacceptable fact boiled over in everyone: Czechoslovakia was born. Everyone knew that what is about to begin now has/will not have easy solutions and methods. The Vaján location itself is the result of many pitfalls.
Keywords: Imre Isaák, Vaján, universal church assembly, István Pálóczi Czinke, László Réz, ministerial and church consecration.

Petheő Attila: Antal Gyula egyházi és társadalmi helytállása a két világháború közötti Léván.

The life and work of Gyula Antal is a testimony to the resilience of twentieth-century Hungarians in Czechoslovakia. The pastor and later town leader of the minority community of Léva was a figure forgotten by Hungarian historiography. Despite the fact that he made his mark both as a spiritual leader and as a politician in a time when many members of the Hungarian intelligentsia in Upper Hungary chose to flee. Antal’s short life between the two world wars
shows that with work and the strength of the community, an individual can achieve great things if he stands his ground as a man.
Keywords: Gyula Antal, reformed church, Léva, Levice, reformed pastor

Fritz Beke Éva: Fertőző betegségek Komáromban (Pestis, kolera, spanyolnátha – korabeli levéltári feljegyzések alapján).

The new corona virus epidemic appeared in the early decade of the twenty-first century and began to spread, soon becoming a pandemic. Countless news about the pandemics of recent centuries soon appeared on the media. The plague, cholera and Spanish fever appeared several times. Did these diseases occur in Komárom as well, and if so, to what extent? The plague epidemic of 1710 can only be inferred from indirect records in documents from the eighteenth century. Several documents have survived from the nineteenth century, suggesting three waves of cholera. Inthe last year of the First World War, a new, previously unknown version of the flu began to spread, which entered the public consciousness as Spanish flu and broke out worldwide three times. From the protocols of Komárom, we can keep track of the extent of the epidemic in the city and the regulations that have been put in place to prevent the spread of “Spanish disease”. Based on these documents, I would like to provide a comprehensive picture of how the pandemics turned out in Komárom.
Keywords: Plague, cholera, Spanish flu

Ifj. Bándy György: Betekintés a Japán Evangélikus Egyház életébe egy tokyoi gyülekezet tükrében – Kreuzkirche, Tokyo.

This paper tries to give an insight into the life to of the Lutheran Church in Japan through a German-speaking parish. The Kreuzkirche is a center of German Lutheranism in Tokyo that actively serves the small congregation. The paper aims to present the history of the congregation, the building of the churches, the purchase of the organ, the internal and external missions and the ecumenical activities of the congregation. The issue of the church community´s website was especially devoted, which could offer some new ideas and core points to the Christian communities in Central Europe.
Keywords: Kreuzkirche, German, Lutheran, Tokyo, Japan

Csevár Nóra: Kálvin tanainak alkotmányjogi vetülete

Today’s people are constantly concerned about where we come from, what material some things are made of, how the history and culture of Western Europe developed, or even where the development of the Western European constitution, the idea and the germ of democratized institutions came from. Studying the evolution of the constitution of the Protestant csurcses in a European context, we can see that Luther founded the political ideology of the Reformation with the doctrine of the separation of church and state, while Calvin further developed this doctrine and applied it to the specific organized forms of state power and all the organizational consequences of the division of powers. The Calvinist church constitution (i.e. the Institutio) went beyond the ecclesiastical framework in today’s sense in terms of content, i.e. it also regulated that church administration must be operated in harmony with state legislation and public administration.
The paper argues that the democratic church constitution built on the association of free parishes almost voluntarily gave rise to the concept of the creation and structure of the state. This can be explained by the fact that together with the direct and indirect spread of Calvinism, the conception of the state contract gained ground in many countries especially in England and the Netherlands.
Keywords: János Kálvin, Calvin, constitutional law, Calvinist law, democracy, form of government, governance, Calvin’s influence

Őz Sándor Előd: Praeceptor Historiae Ecclesiasticae. Tanulmányok Buzogány Dezső 65. születésnapjára

1. szám

Fazekas István: Appendix vagy epilógus? A titkos bűn a 19. zsoltárban

One of the great themes and dilemmas of psalm-research is the question of the unity of Psalm No. 19. It is obvious at first reading, that the closing part of it is a separate redactional phase. The exegetes – though supporting the unity or the fragmentary nature of this psalms text – agree in the fact that this song of David consists of in many respects different, but otherwise very cohesive parts. The three main themes, or „pillars” of this psalm are: the creation, the law and the secret sin. The main focus of the paper what the meaning of the last one is according to the psalmist. The study obviously emphasizes that in this psalm all these three elements create a linear unity, both in the theological and poetical sense. However, it is argued that the very clue of this poem can be found in the closing lines. In so doing, it is hoped that this part is bringing us closer to the most appropriate answer.
Keywords: psalm-research, redactional phase, unity, difference, secret sin

Gurányi Krisztián: A kiválasztás fogalma Pál apostolnál

Pólya Katalin: A bibliai héber nyelv oktatásának egyes aspektusai

The text of the canonical Hebrew Bible was developed in a politically and culturally heterogeneous area, and from a linguistic point, it cannot be considered uniform, because of the richness of its various genres and styles. For those, who wishes to immerse in the Biblical Hebrew, has to realize, that the Biblical Hebrew is a dead language, whose logic is far different from the modern western languages. However, it is an easing factor, that the main aim of the education of
the Hebrew language is not an active knowledge of a dead language, but rather the comprehensive reading and translating of the Old Testament. This current study wants to contribute to this aim, primarily with the accessible tools. Alongside with the introduction of the Biblia Hebrica Stuttgartensia, which is a fundamental issue of Bible in Hebrew, there will be presented grammar and exercise books, these will not only be introduced and described, but also
judged. Each of the grammar books has its strengths and weaknesses and in most cases even the author is aware of these. Using these books with the correct priorities and with parallel books, they are all proper to prepare those who are interested for the active study of biblical texts. The online platform is inevitable, even in nowadays language teaching. A lot of useful materials can be found in the virtual area. This current study shows the most known of the virtual materials, giving fundaments to the language study.
Keywords: biblical Hebrew, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, language teaching, methodology, teaching tools

Lehotkai Sámuel: A genetika és a Biblia A Szentírás és az Eugenika

In my current work, I would like to present Francis Galton’s theory, Eugenics, and its formation and history as a sub-science of genetics, from the perspective of a biology teacher who believes in creation. With this work, I aim to point out the potentially harmful and dangerous disadvantages of Eugenics. I would like to present to the reader a more detailed picture of the practical benefits of eugenics in our daily lives and to present the position of Scripture on the subject. According to Galton, Eugenics is a science that corresponds to the sum of the factors that influence the development of the innate abilities of a species and promote the most favourable development of these abilities. I also try to point out the relationship between Eugenics and the theory of evolution. Finally, I would like to summarize the knowledge gained and finished this shorter article with some practical advice and encouragement.
Keywords: Galton, Evolution, Eugenics, Genes

Pásztori Kupán István: A diakónia újszövetségi és óegyházi alapjai

As we approach the principles and practices of ecclesiastical and congregational diakonia, we must state at the outset that the ministry of charity is not some additional factor, an optional part of our Christian community life, but one of its integral and inseparable elements. Upon talking about the major properties of
the Christian Church, the Reformers usually emphasised that the outward characteristics of the church included the pure proclamation of the gospel and the proper administration of the sacraments. Based on this, the question may arise: can diakonia qualify as preaching, and if so, in what sense? Based on the earliest
example of Stephen, the first deacon, and then on some ancient Christian leaders who were renown for their work of social benefaction like Basil the Great and Theodoret of Cyrus, this paper addresses the following issues: diakonia as mission and testimony, it is performed in Jesus’s name, as well as questions like
‘is diakonia accompanied by “wonders and signs”?’, ‘is the testimony of the deacon a “stumbling block”?’, ‘should deacons be elected from among their own communities?’, ‘can diakonia be self-sufficient, or should it presuppose some sacrifice?’ etc. These questions are by far not outdated in our present situation, and the examples of our Christian ancestors may provide us with some answers, occasionally some surprising ones.
Keywords: diakonia, charity work, deacons, Early Christianity, mission, St. Stephen, the first deacon

Flogny Károly Lajos: A fogyatékos személyek iránti attitűd Jób korában és életében, valamint manapság Magyarországon, különös tekintettel a tradicionális protestáns kisegyházakban

This study aims to present the attitude of some Protestant Free Churches in Hungary towards people with disabilities. Before doing so, however, the author defines a biblical story as a maxim, on the basis of which he gives an insight into the world of ancient Arab society, where the attitude towards the disabled is revealed in two aspects. The author has conducted a mixed-methods survey among some Protestant Free Churches in Hungary, with an emphasis on qualitative findings. She finds that, on the one hand, although there is little archaeological data available on the peoples of ancient northern Arabia, the biblical story provides insider information on lay attitudes towards disabled people that seems to be confirmed through the Bedouin who are still living there. Furthermore, it sheds light not only on paradigm shifts in Hungarian society that have influenced the missiology of theology up to the present, but also on the contemporary experiences of some Hungarian traditional Protestant Free Churches that may help to counter negative attitudes towards persons with disabilities.
Keywords: Pre-Islamic Arabia, missio Dei, disabled people, archaeology, paradigm shift, attitude

Haris Szilárd, Tömösközi Ferenc: A Szlovákiai Református Keresztyén Egyház diakóniai szolgálatának erőforrásai

The paper deals with the development of the diaconal service in the Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia, not so much from a historical as a methodological point of view. The historical sources as hey are currently processed are sufficient to examine the decisions and factors that have shaped the evolution of the diaconal ministry of the Church. The main aspect of the study are the available spiritual and material resources and the way they are used. The study points
out that the focus of RCCS's diaconal service is congregational diaconia, which was largely based on individual initiatives, however, a clearly visible direction from the occasional to the planned services. In this paper, we propose to “measure” the community strength of congregations, which is the sum of external and internal resources, according to the power-intensive service they are able to perform.
Keywords: congregational diaconia, power sources, communion, design

Somogyi Alfréd: A Szervező Bizottság munkája a béke első hónapjaiban

The less explored and processed period in the history of the Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia in the 20th century is the few years after World War II. The reason for this can be found in the fact that Czechoslovakia, which was re-established in 1945, in the wake of the Beneš decrees, labelled Germans and Hungarians, as well as German and Hungarian organisations, as war criminals. The interesting thing is that the Reformed Church was headed by a body of Slovak clergy and laity - the Organizing Committee - which was formed in 1939, when the independent Slovakia under Josef Tiso was created and, following the Vienna I decision, the Hungarian Reformed congregations were returned to Hungary. Only 25 Reformed congregations - including 4 Hungarian congregations - remained in Slovakia. The Organizing Committee carried out the functions of the Synod and the Synod Council. This was also the situation in the first
months of peace. This paper gives an account of the main deliberations and decisions of the Organising Committee after 8 May 1945.
Keywords: Reformed, Church, Organizing Committee, Czechoslovakia, Beneš decrees

Somogyi Alfréd: Vagyunk… Tömösközi Ferenc (szerk.), Az Ige erejével. Lelkészi életrajzok és adattár Gömörtől a keleti határig. Komárom, Selye János Egyetem Református Teológiai Kar, 2022, 561 lap

Somogyi Alfréd: „Lesz-e végre igazi hazánk?” Gyurcsík Iván (szerk.), Gyönyör József emlékkötet, Budapest, Méry Ratio, Kisebbségekért – Pro Minoritate Alapítvány, 2022, 391 lap

1. szám

Kókai-Nagy Viktor: A kezdettől fogva tevékenykedő ördög

The study intends to find out the origin of Satan and his rule over human beings as it is used by John’s terminology, “ from the beginnings”. First, the works throws a light on what is the characteristic of “ from the beginnings” expression in the use of literature attributed to John. Then, two passages will be examined where the beginning of the Satan’s work is mentioned. This two text will be compared and selected scholars’ argumentation will be analysed. Having presented
the various views (e.g. H. J. Klauck, Bolyki J.; J. Beutler; F. Vouga or (U. Schnelle; J. M. Lieu), it is not the intention of the study to take a stance on any side. Finally, the result of our reflections on the topics will be summarized for the reader.
Keywords: Satan, from the beginnings, in the beginning, the literature from John, Johannite tradition

Görözdi Zsolt: A konfirmációs munka anyaga

The present study studies in details the materials used for confirmation education. Several thems were gathered from various areas and resources which was deemed most vital in terms of that they reflect best our traditional denominational characters, and the reformed heritage wwe have. At the same time the catecheticalecclesiastical aspects, that are relevant to our ecclesiastical life and the context of confirming pupils (cathecumens) will be selected, assesse, evaluated, and at times it will be shortened or additional materials will be added to it.
Keywords: confirmation work, compendium, Cathechism, ecclesiology

Sungkon Park: John Calvin’s Ecclesiology and Korean Presbyterian Church

The aim of this paper is to evaluate Korean Presbyterian Church in the light of John Calvin’s ecclesiology by consulting mainly the Korean theologians’ academic journals. The Korean church experienced rapid growth since Protestantism arrived in 1885. This unprecedented growth, however, caused some harmful side effects such as church individualism, schism, and distorted understanding of mission. The Korean church sought adequate remedies to reverse the decline
shape, but they were criticized on their program-oriented solutions, and even considered to be unbiblical. Thus, a deeper understanding on the nature of Church is desperately needed. This paper describes the reception and effects of Calvinism in Korean context, and how Calvin’s ecclesiology may still pose influential possibilities for the Korean Presbyterian Church.
Keywords: John Calvin, Ecclesiology, Korean Presbyterian Church, Korean Church, Korean Calvinism.

Hornyák Enikő: A nők lelkészi szolgálata

The current work seeks to examine situation of the women ministers today. My research is not intended to support or disprove any hypothesis, I would just like to examine the appearance of and the impact of the past few decades. This paper would like to give an insight into the female minister’s congregation, family, and individual responsibilities. It examines these roles with interviews. Finally, it will reflect on the results and experiences obtained and then summarize the results obtained.
Keywords: minister, congregation, family, vocation, identity

Vámos Béla: Halál, gyászfolyamatok, gyászolók lelkigondozása

Leaving life is a heroic struggle that everyone has to go through. The pain from passing away tests those who remain here. On the one hand, they have to cope with the loss of their loved one, and on the other hand, while also facing their own finality, they have to start a new life. The pastoral office is visited by mourners in all sorts of spiritual states: those who begin the work of mourning in possession of the living hope received from God, and those who are far from it. There are individuals who, although they have not been interested in God and the Church before, now want confirmation that their deceased loved one is in the right place. There the crucial question arises: what is allowed, and how appropriate can be for a pastor to say anything. In order to have the right answers to these issues, we
need to know what a grieving person is like. Since both the funeral preaching and the pastoral counselling with the mourners must be an inviting evangelization to life, we need to know what spiritual processes and phases the mourner goes through and what their characteristics are.
Keywords: death, funeral, mourning, phases of mourning, crisis, fear, resurrection, consolation

Czine Ágnes: De Einfluss der Reformation auf das juristische Denken in Europa und Calvin als Kenner der Grundsätze des materiellen Strafrechts und des Verfahrensrechts

The author tackles well-known events of Reformation from a different angle: the data are evaluated from the point of view of the legal development of European thinking. Stress is being laid upon the influence of the Reformers’ acts and writings on later works of lawyers which are of historic importance for us. The role of John Calvin among his contemporaries was excellent as he influenced the whole of society by the development of Church order. His lasting authority is being measured by the subsequent theories of law and order in European thinking.
Keywords: Reformation, Calvin, European society, Penal and Procedural Law

Tömösközi Ferenc. Rekviem egy református gyülekezetért

The present study describes the history of the former Reformed congregation of Mohi from its foundation to its demise. It is not only a historical publication, but also a memoir. Despite the fact that the congregation survived the centuries, it was dissolved in the 20th century, not by itself, but by dissolution. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia decided that the situation and the geological conditions of the area were the best option for a construction of a nuclear power plant. After the plans were approved, the village was liquidated, and its inhabitants were moved to other villages and towns. At the same time, the parish was dissolved also, and the parishioners were moved to other congregations. Today, only the church and the cemetery remain as reminders of the centuries-old parish.
Keywords: Mohi, parish, congregation, diocese, reformation, counter-reformation, foundation, liquidation

Petheő Attila: Gyalókay László a közösség szolgálatában

Reverend László Gyalókay was the bishop of the Reformed Diocese of Komárom in Nemesócsa. He represented firm principles with which he openly wanted to determine the place of Reformation within society, while encouraging his peers to take a much stronger stand. His intention was to rebuild the national church in Slovakia, despite the fact that history had torn Upper Hungary (Felvidék) from the Reformed Church of Hungary. He concluded, that there are no pastoral and teacher training institutes for the community here, and those in the service of the church were hindered by the question of citizenship. In his episcopal inaugural speech he set a special task for teachers, whose mission is to build faith. He also spoke of the preachers of God’s word, whose job it is to speak to the souls of
believers. He considered the work of youth and women's associations important. The study analyses how his life serves as an example for today’s religious communities.
Keywords: Reformed Diocese of Komárom, the Hungarian Reformed in Czechoslovakia, Nemesócsa

Balogh Dávid: Vizitáció és esperes a 18. században

The subject of my research is the 18th century visitation and the post of Dean. The period under study was determined by the church policy of three rulers: III. Charles, Maria Theresa and II. Joseph. The tructure of my study is as follows: First, it examines the ecclesiastical policy of the named rulers in a given period and their impact on church life. Second, it deals with the office and authority of the Dean, the person of the Dean as the person in charge of the spiritual and
material affairs of the diocese. Finally, it discusses and scrutinises diocesan inspections and visits.
Keywords: 18th century, church history, religion, dean, visitation

2. szám.

Kis Jolán: Amit az Ószövetség az esküről mond…

From the more than 100 oaths immortalized in the Old Testament we can determine that for the people at that time the swearing of an oath was something more than just a glorified part of several special life events. The analysis of these oaths has allowed me to understand them in a wider context. During my analytical work I have gained insight into how an oath int he people s lives in the Old Testament was applied in multiple contexts and in various forms of everyday
life.. Swearing an oath did not only mean the guaranteed truth of one statement or of promises made, but calling the name of God played an important role int he organization of private and personal relationships. Our knowledge, derived from examining Old Testament oaths, will surely contribute to answering questions
relating to the oaths of the oaths of the present era.
Keywords: Old Testament, oath, making an oath

Karasszon István: Igézés Illegitim vallásos beszéd és tett tiltása az Ószövetségben

By forming the canon of sacred writings, religions control the correct way of speech among their adherents. In the age of secularisation, however, correct speech and the freedom of speech seem to be a complicated issue – that is why an inquiry into the language of the Old Testament is important for our project of research. The present study contains a semantic panorama of the terms which are condemned by the Deuteronomistic reform at the end of the 7th century BCE: lahash, ‘ob, ‘onen, kashaph, qosem are the religious speech or activity which are punished severely in the code of Deuteronomy. The second half of the study tries to explain why just these terms are decried by the late-preexilic period of Israelite religion. It seems that the national revival refused all kind of foreign influence upon the national religion, and many of the above terms were regarded as remnants of Canaanite religion. Second, the Deuteronomistic reform esteemed prophecy above all kind of mantic manipulations of the transcendence. Third, the Deuteronomistic law (given by Moses) had to decide in speech as well as in behaviour.
Keywords: biblical vocabulary, religious discourse, Old Testament, invocation

Kókai-Nagy Viktor: Az eskü tiltása az Újszövetségben

Like the oath, the prohibition of false oath appears in both Jewish and pagan culture in the New Testament era. In the present study, we deal with the teaching of Jesus and its Jewish background. We review first how do the New Testament presence the term oath and then the question of the prohibition of oath in Matthew, James and in the Didache. In the next section, we review short the oath-related remarks of contemporary Jewish literature. Finally, we focus on the interpretation of the prohibition of oath within the Gospel of Matthew and its possible explanations.
Keywords: oat, prohibition of swearing, Gospel of Matthew

Gurányi Krisztián: A győzelem motívuma a jánosi iratokban

In the history of philosophical thoughts, there have always been philosophers, who considered the existence as „absurd” or without any reason. In the 20th century, mainly the existentialist philosophers expressed these ideas, which is originated from the Danish philosopher, Kierkegaard, who is regarded as the father of existentialism. One of the greatest existentialist thinkesr was Albert Camus, who wrote an essay about the absurdity of reality, in which he expresses his ideas about suicide and other solutions to this absurdity. The main topic of this article is the question of absurdity and suicide, regarded through the Johannine epistles, in which the author expresses the idea of the victory over this world, which is regarded as absurd.
Keywords: absurdity, existentialism, Johannine epistles, suicide, victory

Bernhard Kaiser: Der Eid aus theologisch-ethischer Sicht

The article deals with the oath in the context of Christian dogmatics and ethics. The oath is a worldly matter related to God because of man’s relationship to the Creator on the level of creation. The oath seems to be a necessity in a world sunk in lies. It has its due place wherever it is necessary for the establishment of truth,
particularly in a law suit. The oath can be taken by invoking God if the swearer, with a clear knowledge of the facts, makes a valid statement and calls upon God
for witness.
Keywords: oath, reference to God, finding the truth, lie

Lehotkai Sámuel: A genetika és a Biblia Helytáll Ádám és Éva története a mai genetikai forradalom idején?

In my work, I would like to present the major milestones in the development of modern genetics from the perspective of a Christian biology teacher. I would like to share some of the results of modern genetic research that supports the authenticity of Scripture. In my article, I would like to pay special attention to the historical reality of the first couple of people in the Garden of Eden. One of my main goals is to communicate the wonderful results of research into the discovery of DNA and the decipherment of the human gene map. I would like to present the evidence of Spencer Wells’s Y-chromosome research called “The Genetic Adam”. In addition, I deal with the authenticity of mitochondrial Eve’s theory. Finally, I would like to
summarize the knowledge gained and I will finish this shorter article
with some practical advice and encouragement.
Keywords: HGP, DNA, Adam and Eve, Genetics, Science

Flogny Károly: Egy vizsgálat a magyarországi protestáns szabadegyházak körében a fogyatékkal élő emberekhez való viszonyulásról

A Mixed Methods survey was carried out to find out, on the one hand, how the respondents in the survey relate to the disabled people in their circles and, on the other hand, what role special education can play in the church’s work for disabled people. Against the background of the representative results, it was found, among other things, that on the one hand, the church presence of people with disabilities in some denominations of the Protestant Free Churches in Hungary is at least as high as the overall population of the country, which justifies the need for training for ministry. On the other hand, it also points to the fact that church members exhibit behaviour similar to that of secularised society, and therefore educational and awareness-raising issues need to be addressed in their circles. The period of data collection for this research was significantly affected by the coronavirus pandemic.
Keywords: Church ministry, people with disabilities, special education, free churches, missio Dei

Pángyánszky Ágnes: Növekedjetek a hitben! A felnőttkor hitbéli elköteleződésének kérdései gyülekezetpedagógiai szempontok alapján

The aim of this study is to draw attention, from a congregational pedagogical perspective, to the importance of becoming a follower of Jesus through adulthood, and to the questions of discipleship formation. It explores what it means for us today to have mature faith and discipleship identity. The study aims at underlining the need for the renewal of confirmation ministry, of what it means in terms of faith affirmation, methodological questions and mission objectives. To help form a more conscious Christian life, we explore the emerging questions of theological reflection, or theological reflexivity, as it forms a new challenge for contextual practical theology.
Keywords: vocation, discipleship, adult faith, confirmation ministry, commitment, theological reflection

Molnár Lehel: Egyházi vizitáció a konfesszionalizmus korában

In the introduction to my thesis, I briefly define the concept of church visitation (Latin: canonica visitation)I then draw attention to the value of the visitation records as a source of information. In the firstpart, I will discuss the visitation provisions of the Catholic Church, which was renewed after the expansion of Protestantism with the Council of Trent (1545-1563). The Council then placed the means of disciplining and regulating dioceses in the hands of the bishops. The most effective institution for implementing synodal reforms was the bishops’ visitations. I briefly discuss the visitations in Hungary and in the Hungarian territories under Turkish rule, as  well as their different types. In the second part, I present the theory of the confessionalism model and its critique. Finally, in the third part, I turn to the visitation practices of the European Protestants: Lutheran, Calvinist and, within these, Hungarian churches.In Hungary, the three main denominations: Catholic, Evangelical and Reformedare, to a similar extent, heirs of medieval Christianity. The Catholics carried on the traditions of the
medieval church in organization, the Evangelicals in doctrine, and the Reformed in practice. This is why the Protestant churches have taken over the institution of visitation from the medieval church, with obvious differences of emphasis, but basically the same function.
Keywords: church visitation, Council of Trent, confessionalism, protestant churches, evangelical, reformed, Hungary

Czinke Zsolt: Dr. Magda Sándor püspök élete és szolgálata

In this study we presented pastor Sándor Magda, his life and work in Reformed Church of Slovakia and Sub-Carpathia, like church lieder, bishop, theological professor, chief editor. From 1934 he was the fourth bishop of the Szlovenszkói Tiszáninneni Református Egyházkerület [Slovak Cistibiscan Reformed Church District] after István Pálóczi Czinke, Mihály Péter, Barna Idrányi. Between 1929–1932 he was a theological professor of Theological seminary in Losonc. Between 1925–1937 he was a chief editor of Református Egyház és Iskola [Reformed Church and School], which was the official paper of the Reformed Church of Slovakia and Sub-Carpathia. He was a definitive figure not only in the life of the paper and a theological seminary, but also in the church history of the era.
Keywords: Reformed church, church history, bishop, theological professor, chief editor, Slovakia, Sub-Carpathia

Kulcsár Árpád: Ravasz László kolozsvári teológiai tanárrá választása; tanári, nevelői, mentori munkája tanítványai visszaemlékezéseiben

Between 1907-1921 László Ravasz was the lecturer of practical theology at the Protestant Theological Institute at Kolozsvár-Cluj. Beside the portrait as a lecturer, it’s also important to describe him as a tutor and mentor. At that time his students were – without enumerating the full list – Lajos Imre, Sándor Makkai, Imre Révész Jr., Sándor Tavaszy, János Vásárhelyi. According to their memoirs, the young lecturer influenced and encouraged them in deepening their knowledge in theology and other sciences. László Ravasz was committed for important reforms in the theological education, which are nowadays still relevant.
Keywords: László Ravasz, practical theology, education for ministry, tutoring, mentoring.

1. szám

Huszár Pál: Gondolatok a koronavírusról

Some Theological Thoughts about Covid-19 Virus This piece of writing is not a scientific paper but an essay about the Covid-19 virus. The author of the work is the Chief Senior Elder of the Transdanubian Reformed Diocese of Hungary, and the lay president of the Synod of the Reformed Church of Hungary who writes as a practicing Christian having a deep theological knowledge. In the current essay he throws lings on areas that are related to issues caused by the Covid-19 virus pandemic during the spring of 2020, and warns Reformed Theology to give answers to this. Sooner or later there will be studies devoted to the reasons and concomitant of the pandemic, and there will be attempts to understand theologically the issues raised by the extraordinary situation. The editors have decided to share this essay with the wider audience to stimulate discussion about the topic.
Keywords: Covid-19 virus, Reformed theology, Christian practice

Karasszon István: Zsidó tudósok és a keresztyén hebraisztika kezdetei Európában

Jewish Scholars and the Beginnings of Christian Hebraism in Europe The study investigates the scholarly relationships of Jewish and Christian scholars of Reformation Era. It is well-known that Hebrew became of language of teaching and learning at the universities of Europe during the sixteenth century. Most of the aforementioned knowledge was mediated by Jewish scholars in Italy and Germany. It is, however, less known who these Jewish scholars were. The study presents the lives and activities of Leone Ebrao, Elijah Del Medigo, Obadiah Sforno, Elias Levita and Joselmann Ger-Schom. Christians, on their turn, were interested in the linguistic features of the Old Testament and in the Jewish traditions, the contents of Jewish religion were not attractive to them. That is why a real dialogue between the sister religions did not emerge from those endeavours. Even though a Jewish-Christian dialogue had to be developed later, we still are in the footsteps of the great scholars of Reformation times.
Keywords: Christian Hebraism, Linguistic in Old Testament, Reformation, Jewish-Christian dialogue

Fazekas István: Nyelvészeti és poétikai kérdések a 27. zsoltár fordításakor

The translator’s job is fundamentally an honorary matter. The person, who cannot be fully identified with the text, cannot be a good grammarian. Above all of these, we must also know that psalm poetry not only illustrates the most ancient poetical peculiarities, but also „unveils” the origin of things. With his clear and irrevocable words, the Creator guides the lost man on the way leading to God. This guidance is the true art. The exploration of the depicting world of the Hebrew texts can only be possible if the important linguistic and contextual relationships are all „unwrapped”. This work shows the methodology: the particular attributes of a translator’s workshop. Based on the creation story of the 27th Psalm, it can be stated that it was surely written by a poet before the captivity against whom, due to the malevolence of his political enemies, false accusations were made by false witnesses. Certain elements of the first part of the Psalm could be taken from a former “trust song”. The author of the Psalm could have been inspired by this former piece of religious poetry. Making use of some of its fragments, he created this entirely new Psalm, within the flow of which the former texts became the archaic elements of the latter.
Keywords: Psalm, translation, inspiration, poetry, Genesis

Kovács Hajnalka: Two introductions to the Psalms The first and the second psalm

The composition of the Book of Psalms originally began with the third psalm, as the first and second psalms have been attached to it at a later stage as introductions. At the first sight both psalms seem to be completely unrelated to each other, the effect of the juxtaposition of the two psalms are to highlight and hold together the two key concepts of Torah and kingship. Especially in Deuteronomy Torah and kingship are related, therefore some scholars identify Deuteronomic influence at the beginning of the Psalter.
Keywords: Book of Psalms, Torah, Kingship, Deuteronomic influence

Nagy Krisztina: A Nábót-történet jogi háttere

In the conflict of King Ahab and Naboth the Jezreelite we can see the social, religious and judicial diversification in the northern part of the country, which resulted that the King of Israel became the owner of the land, what was given to his servant by Yahweh. The King - with his act ‑ started a process, that accumulated an upfront conflict a few years later causing the failure of the dynasty. I intend to sketch out the differences between the religious and judicial rules of Canaan and Israel - both of them were presented by the actions of the persons. I analyse the litigation of Naboth focusing on the actual judicial practice
in Israel, considering the sacred nature of the litigation too. Furthermore, I seek to present the characters acting in the story: the king and the queen on one the hand together with Naboth and prophet Elijah on the other hand. My aim is to uncover their personalities and their motivations beside the biblical documentation, taking into consideration the historical aspects as well.
Keywords: society and judicature of Canaan and Israel, Jewish King and pagan Queen, Israeli landowners, prophet of Yahweh redaction, Jewish king and pagan queen, Israeli landowners

Kis Jolán: Eskü az ószövetségi igazságszolgáltatásban, különös tekintettel a Szövetség Könyvére

As a means of regulating human coexistence, oath was already present at the dawn of history in the life of the communities. All of this is evidenced and preserved by a large amount of written relics. The collection of oath in Exodus is also evidence that the specific nature of the oath has always been preserved over time. The Oath in Ex 22,9 is one of the three passages in the Old Testament that gives some insight into the practice of the Israelite jurisdiction. Significant similarities and
even matches with Babylonian and Hittite documents of this kind suggest a common source, or even the adoption of ready-made legislative decrees. This paper will present that the ancient Near Eastern legal tradition played an important role in the early period of the formation of Israelite law.
Keywords: Oath, Old Testament, Covenant Code, Judiciary, Ancient Near Eastern practice of law

Kókai-Nagy Viktor: Jézus, Sirák fia asztala (31,12-32,13)

In the ancient Mediterranean world, the meal-communities played an important role not only in social but also in religious life. The banquet can be called a social institution in the Greco-Roman world. And the evidence suggests that meals took similar forms and shared similar meanings and interpretation across a broad range of the ancient world. These meal-communities basically have an integrative function, and one cannot separate the social from the religious area. In our short article we attempt to show how the thinking of a Jewish sage appears in the world of Hellenism in relation of symposium.
Keywords: Ancient Mediterranean world, banquet, Ben Sira,

Sebők János: Az átok két fajtája. Az ἀνάθεμα és a κατάρα kifejezések vizsgálata és összehasonlító elemzése

In this study I search a not well examined but very gripping theme: two expressions of the malediction, which were used by Paul, the Apostle. It is important for me to examine this issue not only from the point of view of the theology but also use the methods of the classical philology. Therefore, my purpose was to present this overshadowed theme and at the same time apply an interdisciplinary approach to the investigation. I explored the occurrence of the Greek words ἀνάθεμα and κατάρα in the Old and in the New Testament and analysed the texts in detail, in which these terms have a different meaning. I present a few examples
of the terms selected from the ancient literature as well in order to show the abundance of meanings and the development of these words. During my research I relied on Greek and Latin sources. The goal of my work is twofold: to compare the two expressions of malediction and then proceed on to presenting the reader how extraordinarily, richly and diversely the words examined developed.
Keywords: curse, holiness, exegesis, etymology, philology

Langschadl István: Feltámadás és élet (II. rész)

The intention of this paper is propaedeutics, which will be studied in the light of the eschatology of John’s Gospel. In the introduction we are making an attempt to identify the concepts of apocalyptics and eschatology. Later we are going to sketch the dilemmas of the New Testament’s perception of time. First of all, the
paper considers the subject’s aspect of progressiveness – we search thoroughly and we compare Gospel of John from two directions to the Holy Word. To do this we are going to use the Bultmann-Cullmann debate as our guideline. Our first aspect is to pay attention to the synoptic Gospels and try to define Jesus Christ’s eschatology. Bultmann’s behaviour, that is, the idea which focuses on the parousia delayed could have some weak points as the paper argues. Our second observation is to evaluate Cullmann’s viewpoint on salvation, which does not seems to be standardized. That is why we are going to put John’s way of presenting salvation next to the history of salvation as they are in the Old Testament, Paul’s letters, and the gospels of Matthew and Luke. Having done that, we are going to examine three passages in a very close look according to the gospel’s theology. We chose the chapters 5, 11 and 14 because these seem to be the most important
ones. Furthermore, in these passages the futuric and present tense statements are in opposition to each other which makes Gospel of John unique. Finally, we attempt to summarize our research findings. Keywords: apocalyptics, presentic and futuric eschatology, parousia,
salvation history.

Fazekasné Kümmel Adél: Vannak-e őrző angyalaink? (Teológiai vizsgálódás Zsolt 91, 11-12 tükrében, különös tekintettel a túlvilági lényekre.)

The Bible often speaks of angels many times as supranational beings, who are presented as the providential guardians of God. At the same time, it also mentions a spiritual power who stands against God, which is personified as Satan, and the Bible also talks about his demons. The guardian angels’ locus classicus in the Bible - especially Ps. 91,11-12, but we can also count Ps. 34,8 as such - are not revelations, not categorical statements, not even theological arguments, but specifically poetical descriptions, inspired by religious folk beliefs and former mythologies. Based on all of this the question is rightfully asked whether the guardian angels have an ontological status. In this study this question is examined in the first place, with the help of exegetical methods.
Keywords: angel, guardian angel, Satan, demons, ontology, mythology

Cs. Molnár János: Az iszlám és a globalizáció

Islam is one of those religions which have hardly been impacted by secularisation. All areas conquered were Islamicized, and they are doing the same right know because Muslim rule demands it by its very nature. Their worldview is divided into two such as the world of Islam (or house of Islam in Arabic Dar-al Islam) and the house of jihad (endeavour). In the world or house of Islam everything is under the control of the Muslims, therefore the laws and values of Islam became
a harsh reality there. The spread of Islam is jihad, which is an obligatory endeavour for all Muslim. Some of its elements were articulated by the 8th century, which is humane only in the eye of Muslims. As for globalisation, it is claimed it had no negative impact on Islam at all. Notwithstanding it is perhaps works for its advantage. Islam is mostly aggressive at the expense of Christianity in Europe. Muslim migrants not only maintain their religion and traditions but they also try to convert to their faith the secularised European indigenous people.
Keywords: Islam, globalisation, Muslim migrants to Europe, integration of Muslims, Islam and secularised Christianity

Szabó Beatrix: Identitásformálás bibliai igazsággal egy igazság utáni korban Timothy Keller homiletikai értelmezése

This study addresses the question of how identity can be formed with biblical truth in preaching. I take the cultural analysis of American preacher, Timothy Keller as a basis, which considers the narrative of identity as the most fundamental one in today’s Western cultures. According to this narrative, we must discover our deepest desires and longings and do all we can to realize them, otherwise we fail. Money, power, success, good looks, and romantic love are now necessary
factors of our identity. The false thinking inherent in this narrative can be adjusted by a biblical approach to identity. In this study, I present the most important theological themes and passages that can be used for this purpose in a sermon. Lastly, I illustrate this method of identity formation with examples taken from Keller’s sermons.
Keywords: biblical truth, Timothy Keller, identity, formation

Siba Balázs: Kertből kertbe – természeti környezetünk keresztyén szemléletének lehetősége

This study reflects on our gardens as cultural environment from a protestant theological perspective. In the Biblical narrative gardens are present from the very beginning to the end. When we think of our life story or the huge story of Christianity, we can conclude that there is a very difficult question behind each story. The question of the common story is: “Where is God in this world?” and the question to ourselves is: “What will become of me?” God’s presence has an immediate effect on what our life would become, and during our journey (in the world) God’s ways of being present in the world is of utmost importance, also
in our natural and cultural environment. D. Ritschl distinguishes between two kinds of stories: there are closed stories, connected completely to the past, and there are on-going stories that cannot be fully completed because the story is still in progress. Creation is such an on-going story in the aspects of creatio originalis, creatio continua and creatio nova. We have to see ourselves and part of this God praising chorus of nature in order to find and play our part of this story well.
Keywords: spirituality, protestant theology, garden, environment, nature

Karasszon István: Egy nagybirodalom, most nem alulnézetből Vér Ádám, Az Újasszír Birodalom keleti tartományai (Ókor-Történet-Írás 6), Budapest/Pécs: L’Harmattan/PTE Ókortörténeti Tanszék, 2018, 366 lap

Kis Jolán: Bevezetés az ugariti kultúrába Ugarit – nyelv, kultúra és vallás A 2018. november 29-i nemzetközi tudományos KEGA-konferencia tanulmánykötete Kiadó: Selye János Egyetem, Református Teológiai Kar Komárom 2019

Fazekas István: A modern teológiai gondolkodás jelenléte (Mint a folyóvíz mellé ültetett fa /szerk.: Kis Jolán – Lévai Attila/, Selye János Egyetem Református Teológiai Kar, Komárom, 2019)

2. szám

Karasszon István: „Ami a két folyó között volt” Molnár János dékánunk emlékezete

Molnár János: Ami a két folyó között volt 1985 – 1990 (Részlet a könyv kéziratából)

Hornyák Enikő: Kinek szól Pál bizonyságtétele az Areopagoszon?

In this study I would like to study one particular aspect of Luke´s second book, The book of Acts. His second book deals with the life events of the church, starting from the ascension of Jesus Christs and
it comes to and end by the works of the apostle Paul in Rome, as they were summarized in Luke´s accounts of the event of the Early Church. His work can be seen as the earliest collection of the Christian
sermons, which make up about one third of the book. I will be examining Paul´s Areopagus speech in Athens.
Keywords: speeches, Paul the Apostle, Areopagus, Athens, deities, Acts

Pólya Katalin: Kiben hiszünk, avagy az Apostoli Hitvallás magyarázata

The Apostle Creed is the best unique and uniting expression of the historical churches who follow the teaching of Christ. Although there are great differences among various Christian denominations as far
as teaching, liturgy and piety is concerned, but we are one and united in the Apostle Creed. We believe in God and his salvific work, who is Father, Son and Holy Spirit and who is at work at all times. We often reiterate the Creed but rarely pay attention to the essence of its content. The current study has no intent to dig into a great depth. It touches only on the surface of the theme while it seeks to explicate the creed for the average church goer. The study follows the classical order of the Creed. First, it uncovers God as the Father and his work, then it expounds the person and salvific work of Jesus Christ. Finally, it addresses the person of the Holy Spirit and his testimony. Having done so, I shall raise some questions that may provide impulses for further research.
Keywords: Creed, Apostle Creed, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, Exposition of the Christian Faith.

Siba Balázs: Rites – Entry into the Intermediate Space of Religion

There is an intermediate area of experiencing, to which inner reality and external life both contribute. Space in-between is a peculiar phenomenon, because we live in it without noticing it. It cannot be
described, because the world present in it is in a blurred, half-formed stage, where inside and outside, the personal and collective, cannot be distinguished from each other. Religion (like art and culture in
general) belongs to this intermediate space. In this study we investigate from anthropological and psychological point of view how rites help the believer to enter the intermediate space of religion.
Keywords: rites, religion, intermediate space, habits

Bodnár Lajos: Kovács Albert és a Protestáns Egylet

One of the most important representatives of the Hungarian liberal theology was Albert Kovács (1838-1904), who taught church law and practical theology at the Reformed Theological Seminary of
Budapest. He was instrumental in establishing the Protestant Union in Hungary, and its first secretary who had exerted a great influence on the intelligentsia and students of theology. The current study pays attention to the history of the Union from its establishment (3 October, 1871) till its dissolution (15 June, 1890). The investigation examines the intellectual and social historical context in which
modern theology emerged. As for the history of ideas, the terms of ‘religion’ and ‘Protestantism’ is scrutinised. Another research theme is to uncover the social situation and home of those who had
sympathised with liberal theology in order to estimate how widely the society was impacted by such worldview and religious concepts.
Keywords: Albert Kovács, Protestant Union, Protestant Theological Library, liberal theology, intellectual history, social history

Szász Lajos: Trianon árnyékában. Egyházszakadások a Magyar Református Egyházban, az 1920-as években.

Following the end of the World War I., the resolutions of the Trianon Treaty (1920) tore apart not just the Hungarian state, but the Reformed Church of Hungary as well. This case study examines
some ruinous effects of the after-war period in the life of the Reformed Church. Upon the ruins of the unwillingly disintegrated Hungarian Reformed Church, some separatist movement tried to gain field.
Some Reformed pastors in the USA founded a tiny church which was affiliated to the prestigious Episcopalian Church in the U. S. They based this unexpected movement on some historical relations
between the Hungarian Reformed Church and the Anglican Church. This movement lasted for nearly a decade, and it was supported sometimes even by the Hungarian bishops and politicians. A minister
in Nagyvárad/Oradea founded a local movement, which was based upon former evangelical thoughts on the revival of the church. Both movements were condemned by the Reformed Church of Hungary as schisms and separatist movements. The study points out that these phenomenon highlighted the covered antagonisms in the church itself which had already a traumatic experience.
Keywords: sedition, Episcopalian, awakening, Trianon, Reformed Church Hungarian

Tömösközi Ferenc: A Szlovenszkói Dunáninneni Református Egyházkerület peregrinus lelkészei

The study deals with the biography of some Slovakian reformed churchministers who were in charge in the so-called „on the north side of Danube” diocese, for instance Czeglédy István, Kovács Károly,
Pap József, Sörös Béla, Szabó Zsigmond, Székely Dezső, Szűcs Árpád, Csekes Béla, Czibor József, Galambos Zoltán, Kiss Gyula, Parais Árpád, Zsemlye Károly. They were on study trips at various Western-
European universities in order to widen their knowledge of theology. They were from the Reformed Dioceses of Tekov and Komárno. This study not only created as database as it is customary in the classical peregrination history, but also it shows the life portraits of the ministers shortly, who returning from the peregrination were also active in theology just like church politics, beside the pastoral services. In some cases, the shortness of the biography is eye-catching. The reason is that the necessary data after W.W II. are completely missing. Except a few cases, they were not even studied which makes archive researches really difficult.
Keywords: Slovak and Sub-Carpathian Reformed Church,

Szamborovszkyné Nagy Ibolya: „Egyedül, de hitünkben megerősödve”. Bary Gyula lelkészi tevékenysége az első Csehszlovák Köztársaság idején

The 20th century, which we left behind a decade and a half ago, is full of little-known or completely unknown stories of our predecessors who did everything to preserve the Hungarian identity and Reformed faith of the population of north-eastern Hungary which became part of Czechoslovakia. Among these forgotten people is Gyula Bary who was consecrated as a Reformed priest in the Kingdom of Hungary, but the most active time for his pastoral ministry was during the First Czechoslovakian Republic. Gyula Bary began his career as a deacon in Beregszász, in 1923 (after Ferenc Biki, the dean of Ung resigned). He prepared the budget of the Transcarpathian Reformed Church District, which the newly formed state found acceptable. From that time on, he had been a close associate of Béla Bertók Bishop and in 1932 he was elected dean of Diocese in Bereg. In the following study based entirely on written resources, the most important achievements and events of Gyula Bary’s life as well as his pastoral activities for the benefit of his parishes and diocese during the period indicated in the title will be presented.
Keywords: Gyula Bary, the First Czechoslovakian Republic, Nagybereg, the Transcarpathian Reformed Church District

Albert András: A „bevett vallások” jogállása a Compilatae Constitutiones törvénykönyvben és az erdélyi országgyűlések végzéseiben (1661-1669)

Based on the principle of ’recepta religio’ the constitution of the Transylvanian principality provided practice to the four common religions, worship services, the employment of elected ecclesiastical
people. At the beginning of his reign Mihály Apafi I (1661-1669) maintained the equality between the four common religions on the bases of the resolutions of the Transylvanian diets and the Compilatae
statue book issued in 1669. Based on the princely oath, the ruler promised free practice and respect of the rights of the common religions. He guaranteed the freedom of religion during his reign. The
aim of my essay is the presentation of the prince’s religious politics between 1661 and1669.
Keywords: legal status, recepta religio, freedom of religion, Compilatae Constitutiones statute book.

Fazekas István: Disszonanciákból konszonanciák

1. szám

Albert András: A magyarországi protestánsok védelme I. Apafi Mihály erdélyi fejedelem politikájában (1671-1681)

The Defense of Protestants in Hungary in the Policy of Mihály Apafi, Prince of Transylvania (1671-1681)
Mihály Apafi, Prince of Transylvania was the protector of persecuted Protestants of Transdanubian and Upper Hungary areas. He welcomed the ministers from Hungary who became homeless and gave them a support in his policy. The prince promoted the re-settlement of the Reformed College of Sárospatak which was expelled from the town to find a home in Gyulafehérvár, Transylvania. His role as a statesman lending support and protection to Protestants in Transylvania and Hungary is comparable to István Bocskai, Gábor Bethlen and György Rákócz I, princes of Transylvania during the 17th century history of the church. The prince’s greatness gave him a leading role in the international political life as well as in at home, in Transylvania and he played a vital role in making Protestantism flourishing in the areas of education, supported arts and the influx of intellectual capital from abroad. His saw his role as a statesman in solving the political, societal, cultural and religious issue of Transylvania and Hungary, sought to ensure religious liberty for them and offer protection when it was needed.
Keywords: Counter-reformation, persecution of religion, protection of Protestants in Hungary, Decade of Bereavement, freedom of religion

Hermán M. János: Száz éves a Kampeni Teológia: 1854-1954

The 100 Years’ Anniversary of Theological Education in Kampen: 1854-1954
The current study revisits a publication from 1954. Attila Kövy wrote about how much welcome the Hungarian theological students are in Kampen. His work has been provided by footnote János M. Hermán which is published now. The study summarizes the foundation of Kampen Theological Seminary, its growth and deals with the particularly conservative theological stance that is peculiar to the school. Its unique feature may be articulated as such “the theological institute in Kampen was established and maintained by simple folk, peasants, who were oppressed, persecuted and mocked”. This is why the theological education lays a great emphasis on the love for oppressed and marginalized. This institute became the cradle of home mission. The study also gives an account that there had been a Hungarian bursar in Kampen almost every year from 1925. The Dutch synod gave a lots of scholarship for Hungarian Reformed students coming from Upper Hungary to study in Kampen, that was given to Czechoslovakia, since they had not had yet their own ministerial training university due to the changes of national borders. This study investigates also how Dutch and Hungarian Reformed ecclesiastical relations developed through Kampen theological University during the twentieth century.
Keywords: Theology, Kampen, theological university, peregrination, reformed

Pálfi József: „…hogy szavai lelketekben visszhangot, jóra elhatározásokat ébresszen…”1 A nagyváradi Református Árvaházi Képes Naptár

„…May its words stir an echo in your souls, and urge you to do good things…” The Reformed Picture Calendar for Orphanages published in Nagyvárad
One of my former studies dealt with the history of Reformed ecclesiastical newspapers, magazines and alike published by the Reformed Diocese of Királyhágómellék (Partium region) in Nagyvárad between the two world wars. Then, albeit shortly, it had been mentioned that a picture calendar was instrumental in shaping the religious feature and spirituality of the region amongst Hungarians. This study intends to show in details the aforementioned
publication printed in Nagyvárad (Oradea in Romanian). Its significance lies in the fact that under great political pressure from the state it had not given up the fight to serve a Christian community, namely the Reformed Hungarians in the region. It also set an excellent example for the outside world and the Christians it
addressed since it devoted the pages of the calendar to do good deeds for the community.
Keywords: Reformed picture calendar for Orphanages, Nagyvárad, Reformed Diocese of Királyhágómellék, Reformed piety, history of publications

Petrov Anna: A Bábel-Bibel vita hatása Erőss Lajos Vallásbölcsészetében

The Babel-Bibel (Bible) discussion and its impact on the Philosophy of Religion written by Lajos Erőss of Debrecen
The Eastern Society of Germany approached Friedrich Delitzsch to present a paper on the Bible. His lecture was provocative and unusual and provoked an international discussion. The study attempts to see how Lajos Erőss, a systematic theologian from Debrecen reacted to this contemporaneous issue. From his books it becomes clear that he did not side with those like Volck, Kittel, who rejected the possibility of the impact of other nations on the religious history of Israel. At the same time we may claim that he did not subscribed to Delitzsch’s innovative thought carelessly. He did not deem proved that either the Babylonians or Assyrians could have been monotheist. However he does find points of connections to the story of Flood and how Israelite religion itself developed. Therefore he agreed to accept some of the results of historical critical methods, yet as a systematic theologian he found it vital to examine all results also in the life of faith, creeds which we inherited from our ancestors and underlines that all our knowledge, even if seems to be proved by historical methods is partial and fragmented.
Keywords: Dogmatics, Debrecen, Friedrich Delitzsch, Lajos Erőss, Babel-Bibel, historical criticism, philosophy of religion

Ruzsa-Nagy Zoltán: Reformed Towns and Presbyterian Government in Hungary in the 17th and 18th Centuries

According to the nineteenth and early twentieth century ecclesiastical historiography, the success of Hungarian Reformation was bound to the Protestant conversion of the nobility which drove the serfdom living in villages and in towns (owned by a landlord) to Protestantism. This paradigm clearly links the Reformation to the survival of the ius patronatus. Up to nowadays the widespread view of the Reformation in Hungary is focused on noble courts such as Sárvár or Sárospatak and the court of the Prince of Transylvania where Reformed preachers received significant support to spread the Gospel. This paradigm has
been considered to be right especially when the landlord was reconverted to Roman Catholicism in the seventeenth century. The study shows that it was not until 1753 that the Protestant worship was banned. There are examples also where a Protestant town or village could survive under a Roman Catholic landlord. On one
hand stating that the local communities in most cases had a certain freedom to decide on their own religion, the landlords did not put any pressure on their serfs to abandon the Roman Catholic faith. On the other hand the paradigm of confessionalism introduced by Heinz Schilling and Wolfgang Reinhard has influenced case studies carried out by Roman Catholic scholars to prove that there was no significant difference between the social structures and church life of the Reformed and Roman Catholic towns in Hungary. Against this background, the scope of this study is to examine the establishment and operation of the first presbyteries. Also trying to study the driving forces of establishing the local Presbyteries (Church sessions) and their connection to urban settlements.
Keywords: Protestant reformation, change of religion, conversion, confessionalism, Roman Catholics, Reformed, Lutheranism, Presbyteries

Sebők János: Pelagius, egy szerzetes Britanniából

In my thesis work, I am dealing with a lesser known but nonetheless important figure in the late roman period of religious history. The work of Pelagius is a rather controversial topic: on one hand, the main wave of the church (headed by Augustinus) proclaimed him to be a heretic, on the other hand, he was quite popular with the Christian aristocracy. Pelagius’s significance is further emphasized by him being the first person coming from Britain. Because of him being a controversial figure at the time, we have many written records about his looks and personality. In the second part of my thesis, the focus is on a particular
moment concerning the church. There was a rather wealthy woman, who has vowed chastity. Three important figures have “grabbed a pen” to try and sway her. Augustinus, Hieronymus and Pelagius wrote many letters, which when analysed, can give us a glimpse into their respective styles. Regardless if we view Pelagius’s influence as good or bad, his importance demands more research.
Keywords: Pelagius, Augustinus, Demetrias, heretics, heresy, letters, Church history

Szebeni Olivér: Bibliaterjesztés, evangelizáció és a nemzetiségek A református ébredés és baptista misszió kapcsolódási pontjai Magyarországon a 19. században

Bible Mission, Evangelisation and the national minorities. The Points of Connections between the Revival of Reformed congregations and the Baptist mission during the nineteenth Century in Hungary
Interdenominational mission work has been a strong feature of Evangelicalism that has been transplanted from Western Europe to the Austrian Hungarian Empire. Mission organisations such as British and Bible Foreign Society and the Religious Tract Society from London all employed Baptist as colporteurs to spread the good news and stir revival in traditional churches. However, their work often resulted in establishing new congregations that were in line with the belief of the workers. This study shows how the Baptist mission spread in Hungary amongst various ethnic groups such as Hungarians, Germans, Slovakians and Hungarian mainly but not exclusively by János Rottmayer, Henrik Meyer and Antal Novák. It also sheds light on how a tiny Reformed congregation named
German Speaking Affiliated Congregation of Budapest was a hub of revival activities through the Scottish missionaries who for some time supervised the work of the colporteurs of BBFS and RTS. Bibles and tracts were also means of educating the low class people, therefore this research paper also deals with the contents of religious literature, piety and spirituality of colporteurs who were not only Baptist but often Jewish converts of the Scottish Mission.
Keywords: British and Bible Foreign Society, the Religious Tract Society, revival, Reformed and Baptist mission, Jewish mission, evangelization

Vámos Béla: Rövid bevezetés a munka és pihenés „világába”

In my research paper I intend to throw a light on the conception of work and ethics. Since work has been regarded by some as a task ordered by God during the ages, and others perceived it as a humiliating activity, I write about what work means in light of the Sciptures, and how it gains a meaning after the Fall. God continuously creates, therefore we cannot be passive. At the same time the postmodern society lacks the biblical basis in a more and more increasing manner both in the area of work and vacation. This results on the one had that work loses its original meaning while on the other had it converges with other things. In the second part of my paper, I study the significance of the day of rest, Sunday following viewpoint of the Bible, then I treat the issue how it has been distorted
in society. The third part highlights the kickbacks and impairments for health by an overwrought lifestyle. Finally the last treatment of the study deals with work and relaxation in light of a Christocentric interpretation of the Bible.
Keywords: work, relaxation, pace of life, progress, fatigue, silence, Sunday, profit, ministry, mission

2. szám

Albert András: A „ius advocatiae” és a „ius supremae inspectionis” I. Apafi Mihály fejedelemsége idején (1661-1690)

After the election of Mihály Apafi I. as prince of Transylvania, he didn’t hesitated to rebuild the country in ruins. Mihály Apafi I. through diplomatic channels, worked to rescue and prosper the statehood of the principality, its cultural and ecclesiastical institutions. For a prince who has manifold activities, one of the most feasible paths in the given political, economic and social context was the material and moral support of scientific, cultural life, the protection and supervision of the Reformed Churches in Transylvania. Whith his profound religion and theological training, he defended and supervised the Transylvanian Reformed Church life in the second half of the 17th century. The aim of my essay is the presentation of the prince’s church protect activities and church supervison activities.

Keywords: polemics, church protection, theology, religion politics, church supervison.

Bodnár Lajos: Teológiai antropológia a liberális Kovács Albert szemléletében

The key figures of Hungarian liberal theology owe their theological views to the influence of Mór Ballagi, who studied with Christian F. Baur. Their theology focuses on the issue of human beings as religious entities. This paper argues that not all the co-workers, even one of the closest aide of Ballagi, Albert Kovács did not subscribe to the view of Ballagi about human beings, but he developed his own theological anthropology. It is the intent of this research to show the key concepts of Albert Kovács’ anthropology which bear an influence on the entirety of his theology either directly or indirectly. One of the most important elements that has to be underlined is the statement that human beings innately religious. This is explained in details in three subsections: the religious instinct belongs to the spirituality of humankind, the human soul is ‘akin” to that of God, and the intellectual development has a formative impact on the improvement and maturity of humankind. Secondly, the idea of practicing religion freely and the individual faith is a crucial and dominant issue in Kovács’ thinking. Finally, the paper seeks to analyse his view on the doctrine of original sin, which is a core orthodox anthropological doctrine. While trying to delineate his liberal anthropology, it is
indispensable to look at the statements of the representative figures of the new orthodoxy of Debrecen who sometimes exhibited or confessed seemingly similar, other times rather different doctrines. Finally, we shall reflect on how and why the views of liberal theology and new orthodoxy were partially integrated in modern Hungarian books written on Reformed Dogma.
Keywords: anthropology, liberal theology, new orthodoxy, human beings

Görözdi Zsolt: A Jelenések könyve mennyei liturgiájának homiletikai jelentősége

This study seeks to explore the heavenly liturgy as it is described in the book of Revelation so as to delineate important elements that could be used for liturgy and homily for modern congregation today. The heavenly liturgy, which is told several times, in spite of worshipping the Antichrist on earth, underlines that the power is in the hand of God. The intent of this biblical message is that the reality in heaven will be realised gradually on earth as well. This research paper investigates the heavenly worship, - its actual realisation, content, process and selected elements – which conveys different kind of messages that may be identified as vital liturgical elements or congregations today when preaching and worship is formulated. This realisation brings us to the challenge of a homiletical task how it is possible to direct the attention of the members of congregation to the event in order to enable them to understand its message that is
relevant to their lives. It is argued that the heavenly liturgy may provide a sound ground for providing an encouragement for the believers in their daily fights as Christians. It also offers a model not only for the individual but also for the life and worship of the congregation to conduct its life accordingly.
Keywords: Book of Revelation, homily, heavenly worship, kerygmatic message

Karasszon István: Kommentálás – magasfokon Walter Dietrich, Samuel. Teilband 3. 1Sam 27 –2Sam 8. Biblischer Kommentar VIII/3, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2019, XII+762 lap

Karasszon István: Király és zsoltár Németh Áron, „Királyok zsoltára, zsoltárok királya”. A 72. zsoltár előállása és teológiája a Zsoltárok könyve redakciójának tükrében, Kolozsvár: Exit Kiadó, 2018, 332 lap

Kókai Nagy Viktor: Simon mágus

There are few so high-impact heretics in the Church History as Simon was. He appears in the Book of Acts. According to Irenaeus, he is the father of all gnostic heresy. This was had been accepted by the Early Church Fathers and propagated further as such. By the eleventh century, a term had been coined: simony. The unfaithful handling of money was named after him. It was considered one of the most serious ecclesiastic crimes. Simon appears in many literary works, like Faust and Mephistopheles. However, it is claimed that the subsequent reports and views about Simon, the Gnostic required a great fantasy that was often read into the text of Acts of 8:4-25. Therefore, we would not like to deal with Simon’s afterlife in our article, but to focus on the only New Testament text, in which the key subject figure of the story appears.

Keywords: Simon the Magician, Philip, Peter, Acts.

Kókai Nagy Viktor: Im memoriam Ulrich Luz (Kókai Nagy Viktor emlékezése)

Kovács Enikő Hajnalka: A 22. zsoltár

The most well-known individual lament psalm among Christians, in fact, almost the only well-known complaint which starts with an address to God. It is formally characterized by המָָל or הנָאָ דַע questions. This is followed by the complaint in the psalm itself, in which the Psalmist presents his sufferings to God. The complaint is followed by an expression of unbroken confidence in God’s deliverance, followed by a request. At the end of the psalm, there is a change of mood and it ends with thanksgiving for experiencing deliverance. Psalm 22 is the basis of a liturgy in which the prayer goes from complaint through prayer to praise and finally to thanksgiving. A unique song runs throughout the book of Psalms which is suitable for a typological application regarding Jesus’ suffering and death.
Psalm 22, as the key to understand the narrative of Christ, was mediated by Jesus himself by quoting the opening words of this psalm on the cross.

Keywords: complaint, suffering, trust, thanksgiving, typological application.

Kovács Enikő Hajnalka: Magyar Holokauszt 70 Babits Antal sorozatszerkesztő: Magyar Holokauszt 70, veszteségek és felelősségek, Logos kiadó, Budapest, 2014, terjedelem: 287 lap.

Langschadl István: Feltámadás és élet1 (I. rész)

The intention of this paper is propaedeutics, which will be studied in the light of the eschatology of John’s Gospel. In the introduction we are making an attempt to identify the concepts of apocalyptics and eschatology. Later we are going to sketch the dilemmas of the New Testament’s perception of time. First of all, the paper considers the subject’s aspect of progressiveness – we search thoroughly and we compare Gospel of John from two directions to the Holy Word. To do this we are going to use the Bultmann-Cullmann debate as our guideline. Our first aspect is to pay attention to the synoptic Gospels and try to define Jesus Christ’s
eschatology. Bultmann’s behaviour, that is, the idea which focuses on the parousia delayed could have some weak points as the paper argues. Our second observation is to evaluate Cullmann’s viewpoint on salvation, which does not seems to be standardized. That is why we are going to put John’s way of presenting salvation next to the history of salvation as they are in the Old Testament, Paul’s letters, and the gospels of Matthew and Luke. Having done that, we are
going to examine three passages in a very close look according to the gospel’s theology. We chose the chapters 5, 11 and 14 because these seem to be the most important ones. Furthermore, in these passages the futuric and present tense statements are in opposition to each other which makes Gospel of John unique. Finally, we attempt to summarize our research findings.

Keywords: apocalyptics, presentic and futuric eschatology, parousia, salvation history.

Lendvai L. Ferenc: Jüdische Diaspora in Raum und Zeit (von den Anfängen bis zum Beginn der Neuzeit)

It is well-known that Jews have lived in diaspora for centuries. However, there have always been great differences between the kind of diaspora they experienced in different context because their legal and political status were not always the same. The study endeavours to make clear-cut differences between four types of diaspora. First, the life of the Jews will be examined within the civilizations of the Ancient Near East, i.e., in Assyria and Babylon, caused by the defeat of the petty-states of Israel and Judah by the empire. Second, the life of the Jews in the Mediterranean region as a diaspora will be scrutinised. This period is also marked by the loss of the mother country and gave birth to the new leadership of Jewry, i.e., the nasi and gaonim. Third, the study addresses the context of the diaspora among countries of two world religions, i.e., Christianity and Islam. Fourth, the life of Jews within the European national states as a minority community will be studied. It is here where they continued to suffer from setbacks, but they gave our modern Europe a new principle: the ‘Leistungsprinzip’. This principle became the foundation of the modern civil societies.
Keywords: diaspora, Jewish people, ‘Leistungsprinzip.

Lovász Krisztián: Krisztológia és ekkléziológia Révész Imre tudományos írásaiban

The purpose of my paper is to show two theological themes from the life and work of this Imre Révész junior, bishop of the Reformed Transtibiscan Church District in Hungary. This paper attempts to describe and grasp his character and spirituality based on his theological vision. The study seeks to achieve this end thorough the biblical views and formulated theological opinion that expressed in his highly academic manner in his writings. His voice broke out of from a mere theoretical spectrum into the reality of everyday life and therefore connected practice and theory well. His Christology and Ecclesiology mirrors a very deep and personal experience that was deeply influenced by the awakening movement of the Reformed Church and the powerful influence of John Mott. The paper argues
that Révész held the Bible in one hand and the Reformed creeds in the other. In consequence his theological views on Christ and church exhibit a successfully combined evangelicalism with a deeply rooted confessional stance. The paper explicates how the two theological themes relate to one another and points out that his views were formed and shaped by his revivalist experience.
Keywords: Christology, Ecclesiology, New Orthodoxy, Revival

Petheő Attila: A csehszlovákiai magyar közösség helyzete az 1918-1924 között megjelenő magyarországi református lapokban

The purpose of my study is to observe the development of Hungarian public life in Czechoslovakia after World War I. from the perspective of the motherland of a Hungarian religious minority group. The main focus of the study is the situation of the Slovakian Reformed community of the period. I will touch upon the general situation in Slovakia and the emerging viewpoints following the Council’s decisions. So far, we have not found any publication related to the era
where the situation of certain parts of the nation-state is presented from the point of view of Hungary and other attached territories. In my study, I intend to research the news dealing with the Hungarian people and regions of Czechoslovakia which can be found in the Sárospatak Reformed Papers, the Protestant Review and the Transdanubian Protestant Papers, until the Legislative Council of Leva in 1923.
Keywords: Slovakian Reformed community, Hungarian in Czechoslovakia.

Tóth Márta Dóra: Izrael és Edóm kapcsolatának alakulása

In this paper I study how the relationship between Israel and Edom developed. How did this intense anger against Edom – which can be found in many prophetic pieces of literature – generated? The two nations’ relationship and its development are of interest to us, because it allows us to gain a deeper understanding of the stories about Edom and Israel in the Old Testament. According to the traditions, Israel and Edom originate from the same ancestor, and we consider them brother nations. The Old Testament evinces both a brotherly and a hostile relationship between them. Two stories which unfold the same event (Deuteronomy 2,4-6.8; Numbers 20,14-21) show a very different relationship and balance of power. Based upon such materials, I study the evolution of the two nations’ relationship and also considering the results of the archaeological research.
Keywords: Israel, Edom, the generations of Esau, the relationship between Edom and Israel.

1. szám

Albert András: Az erdélyi vallásszabadság politikai védelme Bethlen Miklós 1691-es kiáltványának tükrében

Hermán M. János: A Kampeni Teológiai Főiskola119 magyar diákjainak a névsora: 1923-1994.

Kálmán Csaba: A cigányság integrációjának társadalmi és egyházi kihívásai napjainkban

Maarten J. Aalders: Magyar tisztelgés a Kuyper Ábrahám legfiatalabb lánya előtt

Molnár János: A szemita és hamita nyelvek osztályozásának kezdetei

Papp Ferenc: A magyar református egyház szolgálata az első világháborúban

Somogyi Alfréd: „Mi köze a dervisnek a palástomhoz?” Iszlám-magyar történelmi kapcsolatok református szemmel

2. szám

Antal János. Transylvania, the champion of religious tolerance

Cs. Molnár János: Egy ősi nép mai sanyarú sorsa

Kálmán Csaba: Az elköteleződés teológiájának értelmezése, a keresztyén értékrendünk szerint a Heidelbergi Káté egyes kérdéseinek magyarázata alapján

Karasszon István: Érted-é, mit csinálsz?

Pap Ferenc, Az egyházi év, Budapest: KRE/L’Harmattan, 2016

Karasszon István: Ószövetségi tudomány arcképekben Rudolf Smend, Kritiker und Exegeten. Proträtskizzen zu vier Jahrhunderten alttestamentlicher Wissenschaft, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2017

Kovács Ábrahám: A koreai keresztyénség vallási és kulturális kontextusa, a protestantizmus, nacionalizmus és az inkulturáció a Hajnalpír országában

Lészai Lehel: A Tizenkettő vocatiojának célja

Petheő Attila: A magyarországi politika folytonossága az első világháború utáni Csehszlovákiában

Somogyi Alfréd: Az Isztambuli Egyezmény egyházjogi értékelése

Szénási Lilla: Új hittankönyvek a Szlovákiai Református Keresztyén Egyház használatában

Vámos Béla: A család jelentősége a felnőtté válás folyamatában

1. szám

Buzogány Dezső: Fordulópont az erdélyi reformációban

Fekete Károly: A reformáció gyakorlati teológiai aspektusai, különös tekintettel a II. Helvét Hitvallásra

Gaál Botond: A reformáció lényege Újkori paradigmaváltás a keresztyén gondolkodás történetében

Szabó István: A reformáció teológiája

2. szám

Bohács Béla: A reformáció jubileumi évének méltó megünneplése Zétényben

Czinke Zsolt: A Szlovákiai Református Keresztyén Egyház iskolaügyi sérelmei az 1920-as években

Estók István: A Keleti Baráti Kör

Fritz Beke Éva: Pap Gábor a Dunántúli Egyházkerület szuperintendense, komáromi lelkész a Pápai Poel Zedek és a Komáromi Gemilut Chaszodim dísztagja Református és zsidó kapcsolatok a magyar kultúrában

Kálmán Csaba: Reformáció egykor és ma Az elköteleződés teológiájának értelmezése, a keresztyén értékrendünk szerint a heidelbergi káté egyes kérdéseinek magyarázata alapján

Kolumbán Vilmos József: Református teológia Kolozsvárott Az első évtizedek

Riszovannij Mihály: Schnitzer Ármin és Pap Gábor barátsága – a Schnitzer-emlékiratok tükrében

Róbert Péter: Reformátusság és zsidóság

1. szám

Gijsbert van den Brink: Evolúció és keresztyén hit: izgalmas terület

Heleen E. Zorgdrager: Az üdvösség teljességéről A theosis nyomai a református teológiában

Henk van den Belt: Megállni a szabadságban Johan Goud: Hit és művészet

Wolter H. Rose: A király jövője – a királyság Zakariás könyvében

2. szám

Albert András: A „protestáns” Erdélyi Fejedelemség nemzetközi helyzete a 17. századvégi Európában

Bognárné dr. Kocsis Judit: Reformed education and teaching practice with equal chances

Hermán M. János: Kuyper Ábrahám egykori látogatása Bukarestben, Budapesten és magyarra fordított műveinek 1962-es elégetése Kolozsváron

Lukács Olga: Adalékok az erdélyi románok reformációjához

1. szám

Böszörményi István:Egy felvidéki református lelkész életrajza történelmi háttérrel. 110 éve született Böszörményi László, aki 50 évig volt Losonc lelkipásztora

Fazekas István: „AMICUS CAESARIS” Jézus perének zsidó- és római jogi jellemzői

Literáty Zoltán. Homiletika és hermeneutika kapcsolata a 20. század második felében

Somogyi Alfréd: Igével élünk, és mégis… Gyülekezeteinkben ma is élő babonák és rossz szokásaink a Szentírás fényében

Szénási Lilla: Kihívások és lehetőségek a Digitális generáció oktatásában

Takács Klaudia. A nő a vádlottak padján

2. szám

Albert András: Az erdélyi vallásszabadság kérdése Erdélyben gróf Bethlen Miklós röpiratainak tükrében (1687–1704)

Böszörményi István: A losonci református gimnázium rendszabályai a XVII. század végén

Czagány Gábor: Lelkiségi irányzatok a Magyarországi Református Egyházban

Csík György: „Tanítás és nevelés egy felvidéki református lelkész szemszögéből.”

Gazdáné Mátyus Melinda: Egy magyar, református telepes közösség változása, rendszerről rendszerre, évtizedről évtizedre, nemzedékről nemzedékre

Karasszon István: Theologia est grammatica

Molnár János: Az Iszlám Állam teológiai alapjai

Pálfi József: Várad vára elestének története egy kései krónikában

Pap Ferenc: Bűnbánat és úrvacsora: szertartási, teológiai és terminológiai kérdések

Szénási Lilla: Differenciálás a Z generáció hitoktatásában a többszörös intelligencia elmélet segítségével

1. szám

Bándy György. A síkemi országgyűlés

Egresi László Sándor: A készülő bibliai héber-magyar szótárról

Hermán M. János: Sass Kálmánról és a peregrinusainkat patronáló Welti család kapcsolatáról

Petr Pokorný: Současné výsledky a úkoly novozákonní vědy

Somogyi Alfréd: A Losonci Teológiai Akadémia tudományművelése

Szabó Zsolt: Jézus nevelő személyisége

2. szám

Literáty Zoltán: The narrative turn in homiletics by pathos

Nemes Csaba: The Doctrine of Chiliasm in the Life of the Early Church

Oliver Page: Sport und Judentum vom Mittelalter bis zur Neuzeit

Oliver Page: Sport und islamische spiritualität

Petr Pokorný: Současné výsledky a úkoly novozákonní vědy

Seppo Juhani Sinervä: The Theocracy

Szilágyi Dénes: Coexistence in ethnically mixed areas, historical development and consequences

1. szám

Bobvos Gergely: „Hatalmat adott”. Gondolatok a hit általi gyógyításról

Fritz Beke Éva: Pázmány Péter felvidéki munkássága és hatása napjainkban

Karasszon István: Joggyakorlat az ókori Izraelben

Langschald István: Nagypéntek homiletikuma

Lévai Attila. A vallási hiedelmekről szóló vélekedések a teológiai diszciplínákban

Rákos Loránt: Az első bűncselekmény1 (A bűneset kriminológiai és büntetőjogi vizsgálata)

2. szám

Duray Miklós: Európát ma nem elrabolják…

Hermán M. János: Barth nagyváradi prédikációja és ítélete a bolsevizmusról meg fasizmusról 1936-ban

Karasszon István: Királyi nők az ókori Izraelben

Literáty Zoltán: A Jézus és korának orális kultúrája. Pillanatképek az „első igehirdetésekből”.

Rákos Lóránt: A „gyászévtized” kritikuma, protestáns prédikátorok az 1674. évi pozsonyi delegatum iudicium előtt

Szénási Szilárd: Vallás, Hit, Istenkép. A „hitben való növekedés” (Fil 1,25) pszichológiai aspektusai

1. szám

Csapkovics Bertalan: Kiválasztástan és emberi megismerés, avagy a predestinációs tanok episztemológiai szempontú vizsgálata

Fazekas István: „Aki még nem szült, szüljön…”

Kovácsné Smatarla Ibolya: Néma kiáltásoktól hangos a Föld… az abortusz keresztyén megközelítéséről

Lénárt Tibor: A teológia kinyújtott karja a társadalom felé: diakónia

Literáty Zoltán: Igehirdetés az élménytársadalomban

Takács Klaudia: Egyenértékű? Különböző? Nemi szerepek a Biblia tükrében

Váradi Ákos: Izráel: népből nemzetté válás

1. szám

Batta István: Az Istenhívő ember a szekularizált világban

Czinke Zsolt: Varga Imre válogatott bibliográfiája

Fritz Beke Éva: Sztárai Mihály kora, élete, baranyai püspöksége, munkássága

Literáty Zoltán: A hermeneutikai fordulatot közvetlenül követő német nyelvű retorikus homiletikák vázlatos áttekintése

Szilágyi Sándor Gabriella: A családgondozás, mint gyülekezeti feladat

1. szám

Buza Zsolt: A Csehszlovákiai Református Egyház és a reszlovakizáció

Czinke Zsolt: A szlovákiai református egyház elemi iskoláinak története 1918–1945

Fazekas Szilvia: Balogh Elemér élete és munkássága

Somogyi Alfréd: Adalékok a Szlovákiai Református Keresztyén Egyház XX. századi történetéhez

1. szám

Erdélyi Géza: Uwe Martin Schmidt temetése

Fritz Beke Éva: A Galata levél fordítási problémái

Isky Ibolya: Gyengeségünkben rejlik az erő Idegenben is teljes erőbedobással

Karasszon István: A honfoglalás kora

Molnár János: Uwe Martin Schmidt búcsúztatása

Uwe Martin Schmidt: Mint egyháznak, van-e elhívásunk a misszióra?

Uwe Martin Schmidt: A reformáció

Uwe Martin Schmidt: A kegyelem (Uwe Martin Schmidt igehirdetése)

Uwe Martin Schmidt: Szentháromság vasárnapjára (Uwe Martin Schmidt igehirdetése)

Gál László: Egy istenhit az ősi magyar hitvilágban

Géczy Krisztina: A Hit Gyülekezete

Szarvas László: Az aranytáblák népe – a mormonok

Varga Balázs: A Hare-Krisna mozgalom

1. szám

Erdélyi Pál: A történelmi Komáromi egyházmegye XX. századi változásai

Kiss Jolán: Az ószövetségi tálió-formula

Nagy László: A dzsihád

Pólya Katalin: A feminista mozgalom trinitástana

Somogyi Alfréd: Egyháztagság és választójog

Tanító Péter. Eschatológiai-végidők jelei